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<p>This study presents a sustainable hybrid vinyl ester composite reinforced with silane-treated <i>Macrotyloma uniflorum</i> stem microfibre and silane-treated biocarbon, designed to achieve simultaneous enhancement in mechanical, thermal, and tribological performance. Compared to the neat vinyl ester matrix (tensile strength 65&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength 82&#xa0;MPa, impact strength 0.65&#xa0;kJ/m<sup>2</sup>, thermal conductivity 0.21&#xa0;W/m-K, and wear rate 0.0058 mm<sup>3</sup>/N-m), all reinforced systems exhibited notable improvements, confirming the effectiveness of dual surface modification and hybrid reinforcement. Among the compositions, the 4% biocarbon-loaded composite demonstrated the best mechanical performance, achieving tensile strength of 105&#xa0;MPa (61.5% increase), flexural strength of 138&#xa0;MPa (68.3% increase), and impact strength of 1.48 kJ/m<sup>2</sup> (127.7% increase), attributed to optimal filler dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion. Lower filler loadings showed comparatively moderate improvements due to insufficient reinforcement, while higher loading (8%) led to slight reductions in mechanical properties, likely due to agglomeration and stress concentration effects. In contrast, the 8% biocarbon composite exhibited superior functional performance, delivering maximum thermal conductivity of 0.37&#xa0;W/m-K (76.2% increase) and a 50% reduction in wear rate, indicating enhanced heat transfer pathways and improved surface hardness. This trade-off highlights the composition-dependent multifunctional optimization within the hybrid system. Compared to conventional natural fiber composites reported in literature, which typically improve either mechanical or tribological properties independently, the present system demonstrates a balanced enhancement across multiple properties. The incorporation of bio-derived reinforcements not only reduces material cost but also promotes waste valorization and environmentally sustainable composite manufacturing, making it suitable for eco-friendly structural and semi-structural applications.</p>

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Hybrid vinyl ester composites reinforced with Macrotyloma uniflorum fibre and biocarbon: mechanical, thermal and wear performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • L. Narayanan,
  • M. Ragu,
  • Sanjay,
  • K. Santhosh,
  • Vasu

摘要

This study presents a sustainable hybrid vinyl ester composite reinforced with silane-treated Macrotyloma uniflorum stem microfibre and silane-treated biocarbon, designed to achieve simultaneous enhancement in mechanical, thermal, and tribological performance. Compared to the neat vinyl ester matrix (tensile strength 65 MPa, flexural strength 82 MPa, impact strength 0.65 kJ/m2, thermal conductivity 0.21 W/m-K, and wear rate 0.0058 mm3/N-m), all reinforced systems exhibited notable improvements, confirming the effectiveness of dual surface modification and hybrid reinforcement. Among the compositions, the 4% biocarbon-loaded composite demonstrated the best mechanical performance, achieving tensile strength of 105 MPa (61.5% increase), flexural strength of 138 MPa (68.3% increase), and impact strength of 1.48 kJ/m2 (127.7% increase), attributed to optimal filler dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion. Lower filler loadings showed comparatively moderate improvements due to insufficient reinforcement, while higher loading (8%) led to slight reductions in mechanical properties, likely due to agglomeration and stress concentration effects. In contrast, the 8% biocarbon composite exhibited superior functional performance, delivering maximum thermal conductivity of 0.37 W/m-K (76.2% increase) and a 50% reduction in wear rate, indicating enhanced heat transfer pathways and improved surface hardness. This trade-off highlights the composition-dependent multifunctional optimization within the hybrid system. Compared to conventional natural fiber composites reported in literature, which typically improve either mechanical or tribological properties independently, the present system demonstrates a balanced enhancement across multiple properties. The incorporation of bio-derived reinforcements not only reduces material cost but also promotes waste valorization and environmentally sustainable composite manufacturing, making it suitable for eco-friendly structural and semi-structural applications.