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<p>Utilizing underutilized mixed hardwood species to produce sustainable timber billets can enhance material efficiency, structural performance, and eco-friendly applications. This study evaluates the design values, bending strength, and stiffness, of 3.5-in.-thick graded mixed hardwood laminated billets. The mixed hardwood lumber was visually graded based on surface characteristics. Following cutting, the lamina were assembled and fabricated into twenty-eight laminated billets using hot-pressing with polyurethane resin as the adhesive. The billets were tested under three-point bending to determine the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Characteristic strength design values were calculated using both parametric and non-parametric approaches based on the fifth percentile, then adjusted with reduction factors to account for uncertainty and a 10-year load duration. The billets exhibited high stiffness and bending strength, with parametric and non-parametric design values of 3877 psi and 3953 psi, respectively, ranking among the top-performing engineered wood mats. These results demonstrate their suitability for structural applications in timber mats, highlighting the potential of underutilized mixed hardwood species for sustainable, high-performance materials.</p>

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Production and Design Value Assessment of Innovative Industrial Mix Hardwood Billets

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Fatemeh Rezaei,
  • Rubin Shmulsky,
  • Zach Kyzer,
  • Umesh Lamichhane,
  • Roy Daniel Seale

摘要

Utilizing underutilized mixed hardwood species to produce sustainable timber billets can enhance material efficiency, structural performance, and eco-friendly applications. This study evaluates the design values, bending strength, and stiffness, of 3.5-in.-thick graded mixed hardwood laminated billets. The mixed hardwood lumber was visually graded based on surface characteristics. Following cutting, the lamina were assembled and fabricated into twenty-eight laminated billets using hot-pressing with polyurethane resin as the adhesive. The billets were tested under three-point bending to determine the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Characteristic strength design values were calculated using both parametric and non-parametric approaches based on the fifth percentile, then adjusted with reduction factors to account for uncertainty and a 10-year load duration. The billets exhibited high stiffness and bending strength, with parametric and non-parametric design values of 3877 psi and 3953 psi, respectively, ranking among the top-performing engineered wood mats. These results demonstrate their suitability for structural applications in timber mats, highlighting the potential of underutilized mixed hardwood species for sustainable, high-performance materials.