<p>Climate change intensifies the need to reduce carbon emissions from the construction industry, a sector responsible for approximately 37% of global emissions. Engineered bamboo emerges as a sustainable alternative, standing out for its high strength, rapid growth rate, and carbon sequestration capacity. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to map the global landscape of the structural engineered bamboo (SEB) industry—a composite material made from processed bamboo elements bonded together for load-bearing construction applications—, considering production processes, standards, experimental methodologies, and applications using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The systematic review highlighted advances in research on SEB, with emphasis on bamboo scrimber, glubam, and laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). The review concludes that, despite the diversity of manufacturing processes and proposed applications, challenges remain regarding standardization, full-scale validation, and the lack of studies addressing the global supply chain and market. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies reinforce the environmental potential of these materials, while research on bio-based adhesives suggests opportunities to enhance the sustainability of engineered bamboo. Although progress has been made in the development of engineered bamboo, the absence of comprehensive investigations into their production, distribution, and market trends hinders the formulation of strategies to expand their global adoption and integration into established value chains. Therefore, additional efforts are required to align engineered bamboo with regulatory demands, market expectations, and sustainability policies, enabling its integration into established value chains and broader global use.</p>