<p>Given the high HPV and cervical cancer rates and related disparities, this study assessed correlates of HPV-prevention behaviors among US adults. Using the 2022 online survey data from 880 US adults (<i>M</i>_age = 27.62; 66.0% female, 43.8% sexual minority, 8.7% Hispanic, 73.9% White, 4.5% Black, 11.9% Asian, 9.7% other race), multivariable regression analyses assessed sociodemographic and HPV knowledge in relation to HPV vaccination, willingness to vaccinate one’s child, and willingness to engage in HPV self-sampling (among individuals with a cervix). The most common reason for HPV vaccination (58.0%) was doctor recommendation (84.2%), while the main reason for not being vaccinated (42.0%) was the lack of doctor recommendation (51.6%). HPV vaccination was associated with being younger (aOR = 0.88, CI = 0.84–0.93), female (aOR = 2.70, CI = 1.92–3.85), bachelor’s (vs. &lt; bachelor’s; aOR = 1.82, CI = 1.16–2.86) or &gt; bachelor’s degree educated (aOR = 1.85, CI = 1.01–3.12), not having children (aOR = 0.44, CI = 0.27–0.72), and greater HPV knowledge (aOR = 1.20, CI = 1.10–1.30). Willingness to vaccinate one’s child was associated with identifying as a sexual minority (vs. heterosexual; <i>B</i> = 0.16, CI = 0.05–0.27), Asian race (vs. White; <i>B</i> = 0.20, CI = 0.04–0.36), not having children (<i>B</i> = − 0.23, CI = [− 0.38, − 0.08]), greater HPV knowledge (<i>B</i> = 0.06, CI = 0.03–0.08), and HPV vaccination (<i>B</i> = 0.39, CI = 0.28–0.50). Among participants with a cervix (<i>n</i> = 501), willingness to try HPV self-sampling was associated with identifying as another race (vs. White; <i>B</i> = 0.44, CI = 0.09–0.79), not having children (<i>B</i> = − 0.30, CI = [− 0.61, − 0.01]), greater HPV knowledge (<i>B</i> = 0.11, CI = 0.05–0.17), and fewer concerns about self-sampling (<i>B</i> = − 0.33, CI = [− 0.42, − 0.24]). Interventions involving healthcare providers and parental education are essential for promoting HPV prevention behaviors and reducing disparities.</p>