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Introduction <p>Transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse young adults (TGD-YA) experience mental health inequities. Negative experiences coming out (disclosing gender identity) and/or understanding gender identity can adversely affect mental health. This formative study explored the perceived effect of race/ethnicity, place, and religion on TGD-YA experiences of coming out/understanding gender.</p> Methods <p>In August 2022, a U.S. nationwide sample of TGD-YA ages 18–25 years (<i>n</i> = 104) completed a cross-sectional survey including sociodemographics and coming out/understanding gender experiences. Three questions asked about the extent to which race/ethnicity, place, and religion made it harder to come out/understand gender. Descriptive and bivariate analyses assessed prevalence of each of these and associations of race/ethnicity, place, and family religion. Firth’s penalized logistic regression models were fit for individual-level TGD-YA characteristics; a random-intercept multilevel model was used for contextual-level anti-transgender legislative state policy.</p> Results <p>Mean age was 21.8 years; 46% were people of color (POC); 66% were nonbinary; 33% resided in the South and 19% Midwest; 34% lived in a state with anti-transgender legislation; 53% reported Christian family religion. TGD-YA who were POC, lived in a state with anti-transgender legislation, and had a Christian family religion had the highest odds of reporting that race/ethnicity, place, and religion, respectively, made it “harder” to come out/understand gender (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>Experiences coming out/understanding gender for TGD-YA were affected by race/ethnicity, geographic context, and family religion.</p> Policy Implications <p>Findings suggest the need for supportive interventions that address intersectional stigma, including supportive gender-related state policies given the association of state-level anti-transgender legislation with difficulties coming out/understanding gender.</p>

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Perceived Effect of Race/Ethnicity, Place, and Religion on Gender Identity: Findings from a Nationwide Sample of Transgender, Nonbinary, and Gender Diverse Young Adults in the U.S.

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Sari L. Reisner,
  • Yuxin Liu,
  • Regina Tham,
  • Kaiden Kane,
  • S. Wilson Cole,
  • Elizabeth R. Boskey,
  • Sabra L. Katz-Wise,
  • Alex S. Keuroghlian,
  • Cassandra Frankel Morrow,
  • Rena Xu

摘要

Introduction

Transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse young adults (TGD-YA) experience mental health inequities. Negative experiences coming out (disclosing gender identity) and/or understanding gender identity can adversely affect mental health. This formative study explored the perceived effect of race/ethnicity, place, and religion on TGD-YA experiences of coming out/understanding gender.

Methods

In August 2022, a U.S. nationwide sample of TGD-YA ages 18–25 years (n = 104) completed a cross-sectional survey including sociodemographics and coming out/understanding gender experiences. Three questions asked about the extent to which race/ethnicity, place, and religion made it harder to come out/understand gender. Descriptive and bivariate analyses assessed prevalence of each of these and associations of race/ethnicity, place, and family religion. Firth’s penalized logistic regression models were fit for individual-level TGD-YA characteristics; a random-intercept multilevel model was used for contextual-level anti-transgender legislative state policy.

Results

Mean age was 21.8 years; 46% were people of color (POC); 66% were nonbinary; 33% resided in the South and 19% Midwest; 34% lived in a state with anti-transgender legislation; 53% reported Christian family religion. TGD-YA who were POC, lived in a state with anti-transgender legislation, and had a Christian family religion had the highest odds of reporting that race/ethnicity, place, and religion, respectively, made it “harder” to come out/understand gender (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Experiences coming out/understanding gender for TGD-YA were affected by race/ethnicity, geographic context, and family religion.

Policy Implications

Findings suggest the need for supportive interventions that address intersectional stigma, including supportive gender-related state policies given the association of state-level anti-transgender legislation with difficulties coming out/understanding gender.