Introduction <p> This study explores the intricate lives of 55 rural migrant Muslim women who were engaged in the sex industry in Surabaya City, Indonesia, in the wake of the city government's policy banning sex work.</p> Methods <p> In-depth interviews were conducted over the course of one year in 2017.</p> Results <p> The study reveals starkly different perspectives on sex work between the city government and sex workers. The study reveals that the city government’s framing of sex work—as a source of violence, crime, disease, and moral decline—serves as the foundation for its banning policy. This perspective overlooks the complex meanings and realities that sex work holds for those engaged in it, and in doing so, inadvertently exacerbates their vulnerability. The consequences include displacement from home villages, loss of economic livelihood, heightened labor exploitation, intensified stigma, increased exposure to violence, and greater health risks associated with underground sex work.</p> Conclusions <p> Therefore, this study advocates for a more subject-centered research approach to better understand the complex lived realities of individuals engaged in sex work.</p> Policy implications <p> From a policy perspective, it provides insights into the various conceptual aspects of sex work and the negative consequences of an inaccurate sex work banning policy. This understanding aims to inform the development of more inclusive and humane policies in the future, addressing the myriad aspects and issues associated with sex work.</p>