<p> Hate is an empirically understudied emotion, especially if it is felt on behalf of the group one belongs to. Most of the sparse previous studies on group-based hate have been conducted in conflict areas, such as Israel and Ukraine, and there is a lack of studies in post-conflict regions, where the conflict is officially settled. The current paper sheds light on group-based hate in a post-conflict region. We report 3 studies with Kosovo Albanian participants. Across the studies, we found that hate was reported to be very intense, even decades after the war had ended. Hate, more than anger, was consistently characterized by the appraisal of bad character to the outgroup and the tendencies to exclude, force change or take revenge on the antagonistic group rather than tendencies to normalize relations. Moreover, hate was associated with negative stereotypes, negative relations and a lack of contact with the outgroup. The intensity of hate did not differ between participants who had experienced the war themselves or merely heard the stories. Finally, in all studies hate is hardly expressed to the outgroup, but on the contrary frequently shared with the ingroup. We think that these characteristics contribute to the endurance of hate over time.</p>

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How Hate Endures in a post-conflict Society

  • Alba Jasini,
  • Agneta H Fischer

摘要

Hate is an empirically understudied emotion, especially if it is felt on behalf of the group one belongs to. Most of the sparse previous studies on group-based hate have been conducted in conflict areas, such as Israel and Ukraine, and there is a lack of studies in post-conflict regions, where the conflict is officially settled. The current paper sheds light on group-based hate in a post-conflict region. We report 3 studies with Kosovo Albanian participants. Across the studies, we found that hate was reported to be very intense, even decades after the war had ended. Hate, more than anger, was consistently characterized by the appraisal of bad character to the outgroup and the tendencies to exclude, force change or take revenge on the antagonistic group rather than tendencies to normalize relations. Moreover, hate was associated with negative stereotypes, negative relations and a lack of contact with the outgroup. The intensity of hate did not differ between participants who had experienced the war themselves or merely heard the stories. Finally, in all studies hate is hardly expressed to the outgroup, but on the contrary frequently shared with the ingroup. We think that these characteristics contribute to the endurance of hate over time.