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<p>This study examines the Low-Resistivity Pay (LRP) phenomenon in the Kazhdumi (sandstone) and Fahliyan (carbonate) formations within Iran’s Abadan Plain through an integrated analysis of geological, petrophysical, and reservoir engineering data. The research addresses critical discrepancies observed between resistivity log interpretations and actual hydrocarbon production. In the Kazhdumi Formation, the LRP effect is primarily caused by the presence of conductive minerals (6% pyrite/siderite) formed under reducing conditions, as verified through XRD and SEM analyses. To correct this, we implemented a systematic three-step workflow involving porosity adjustments for heavy mineral effects, shale-effect compensation using the Waxman-Smits model, and core-based calibration of Archie parameters. This approach successfully reduced water saturation overestimates from &gt; 50% to &lt; 30%, with results corroborated by DST data showing 2,408 BPD of water-free oil production. The Fahliyan Formation exhibits LRP characteristics stemming from a complex dual-porosity system featuring both micro- and macro-pores, resulting from combined depositional and diagenetic processes. Through NMR-TDA analysis and MICP data interpretation, we identified bimodal pore-throat distributions with irreducible water saturation (Swirr) of 38% in microporous wackestone/packstone rock types. By integrating NMR-derived fluid typing with rock-type-specific cutoffs, we were able to identify previously overlooked pay zones, as confirmed by DST results demonstrating 1,514 BPD of oil production without water.</p>

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An in-depth analysis of low-resistivity pay in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs: insights from the Kazhdumi and Fahliyan formations in the Abadan Plain, Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Mohammad Derafshi,
  • Hamed Sadeqi,
  • Mohadeseh Moshkdar,
  • Ali Kadkhodaie,
  • Mohammad Mardi,
  • Mostafa Mohammadi

摘要

This study examines the Low-Resistivity Pay (LRP) phenomenon in the Kazhdumi (sandstone) and Fahliyan (carbonate) formations within Iran’s Abadan Plain through an integrated analysis of geological, petrophysical, and reservoir engineering data. The research addresses critical discrepancies observed between resistivity log interpretations and actual hydrocarbon production. In the Kazhdumi Formation, the LRP effect is primarily caused by the presence of conductive minerals (6% pyrite/siderite) formed under reducing conditions, as verified through XRD and SEM analyses. To correct this, we implemented a systematic three-step workflow involving porosity adjustments for heavy mineral effects, shale-effect compensation using the Waxman-Smits model, and core-based calibration of Archie parameters. This approach successfully reduced water saturation overestimates from > 50% to < 30%, with results corroborated by DST data showing 2,408 BPD of water-free oil production. The Fahliyan Formation exhibits LRP characteristics stemming from a complex dual-porosity system featuring both micro- and macro-pores, resulting from combined depositional and diagenetic processes. Through NMR-TDA analysis and MICP data interpretation, we identified bimodal pore-throat distributions with irreducible water saturation (Swirr) of 38% in microporous wackestone/packstone rock types. By integrating NMR-derived fluid typing with rock-type-specific cutoffs, we were able to identify previously overlooked pay zones, as confirmed by DST results demonstrating 1,514 BPD of oil production without water.