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<p>Understanding the regional variability of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5&#xa0;μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is crucial for effective air quality management. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability and the physical and chemical processes controlling PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations across six subregions of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and the Chungcheong region during December 2020–March 2021 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with Integrated Process Rate (IPR) diagnostics to quantify the contributions of vertical (VERT) and horizontal transport (HORI), emissions (EMIS), secondary aerosol formation (AERO), dry deposition (DDEP), cloud processes (CLDS), and chemical transformations (CHEM). Regional mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were similar (26.24–29.64&#xa0;µg m<sup>− 3</sup>) across the study area, but pronounced spatial heterogeneity was observed. IPR analysis showed that VERT related to atmospheric stability is the dominant contributor throughout the entire study period across all regions, accounting for 36% in Chungnam and up to 43% in Seoul and Chungbuk. During high-PM<sub>2.5</sub> days (daily mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration &gt; 35&#xa0;µg m<sup>− 3</sup>), however, the relative contribution of EMIS decreases, whereas that of HORI increases, reaching up to 26% in Incheon and 19% in Gyeonggi-North, respectively, indicating regional differences. These results mean that the dominant processes governing PM<sub>2.5</sub> variability differ significantly by region. These results highlight the need for region-specific air quality management strategies that consider both topographical constraints and chemical sensitivity.</p>

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Process-Based Attribution of Regional PM2.5 Variability Over South Korea Using CMAQ–IPR Diagnostics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Hye-Ryun Oh,
  • Seong-il Lee,
  • Hyo-Jong Song

摘要

Understanding the regional variability of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is crucial for effective air quality management. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability and the physical and chemical processes controlling PM2.5 concentrations across six subregions of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and the Chungcheong region during December 2020–March 2021 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with Integrated Process Rate (IPR) diagnostics to quantify the contributions of vertical (VERT) and horizontal transport (HORI), emissions (EMIS), secondary aerosol formation (AERO), dry deposition (DDEP), cloud processes (CLDS), and chemical transformations (CHEM). Regional mean PM2.5 levels were similar (26.24–29.64 µg m− 3) across the study area, but pronounced spatial heterogeneity was observed. IPR analysis showed that VERT related to atmospheric stability is the dominant contributor throughout the entire study period across all regions, accounting for 36% in Chungnam and up to 43% in Seoul and Chungbuk. During high-PM2.5 days (daily mean PM2.5 concentration > 35 µg m− 3), however, the relative contribution of EMIS decreases, whereas that of HORI increases, reaching up to 26% in Incheon and 19% in Gyeonggi-North, respectively, indicating regional differences. These results mean that the dominant processes governing PM2.5 variability differ significantly by region. These results highlight the need for region-specific air quality management strategies that consider both topographical constraints and chemical sensitivity.