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<p>Long-range transport (LRT) often drives episodic fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution in the Republic of Korea. In this study, an LRT-driven episode that occurred from March 2 to 4, 2024 was examined during the ASIA-AQ campaign in Seoul (January 23 to March 12, 2024), using nationwide monitoring, satellite observations, trajectory analysis, and aircraft measurements over the Yellow Sea. During the LRT, PM<sub>2.5</sub> increased to 49.43&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>, and the fraction attributable to long-range transport accounted for approximately 56% of the observed PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The significant increases in nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium indicate the import of regionally aged aerosols and their precursors. Transport diagnostics, utilizing ERA5 winds and HYSPLIT backward trajectories with concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, as well as GK-2B GEMS aerosol optical depth, pointed to inflow from eastern China and the North China Plain. Additionally, independent aircraft measurements using PTR-ToF-MS onboard a 1900D platform detected heightened low-altitude benzene levels over the Yellow Sea during the LRT, which aligns with transboundary combustion influences. Elevated CO/CO<sub>2</sub> ratios further supported the presence of aged inflow. Overall, these multi-platform observations demonstrate that LRT can significantly overshadow typical domestic conditions, leading to PM<sub>2.5</sub> compositions rich in nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which are chemically processed. This underscores the necessity for coordinated regional air quality management and international collaboration to mitigate cross-border pollution and its associated health risks in Northeast Asia.</p>

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Integrated Ground–Satellite–Aircraft Analysis of Long-Range Transport from China in the Korean Peninsula During the ASIA-AQ Campaign

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Jinsoo Park,
  • Joon-Young Ahn,
  • Seokwon Kang,
  • Taehyoung Lee,
  • Sea-Ho Oh,
  • Min-Suk Bae

摘要

Long-range transport (LRT) often drives episodic fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in the Republic of Korea. In this study, an LRT-driven episode that occurred from March 2 to 4, 2024 was examined during the ASIA-AQ campaign in Seoul (January 23 to March 12, 2024), using nationwide monitoring, satellite observations, trajectory analysis, and aircraft measurements over the Yellow Sea. During the LRT, PM2.5 increased to 49.43 µg/m3, and the fraction attributable to long-range transport accounted for approximately 56% of the observed PM2.5. The significant increases in nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium indicate the import of regionally aged aerosols and their precursors. Transport diagnostics, utilizing ERA5 winds and HYSPLIT backward trajectories with concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, as well as GK-2B GEMS aerosol optical depth, pointed to inflow from eastern China and the North China Plain. Additionally, independent aircraft measurements using PTR-ToF-MS onboard a 1900D platform detected heightened low-altitude benzene levels over the Yellow Sea during the LRT, which aligns with transboundary combustion influences. Elevated CO/CO2 ratios further supported the presence of aged inflow. Overall, these multi-platform observations demonstrate that LRT can significantly overshadow typical domestic conditions, leading to PM2.5 compositions rich in nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, which are chemically processed. This underscores the necessity for coordinated regional air quality management and international collaboration to mitigate cross-border pollution and its associated health risks in Northeast Asia.