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<p>A comprehensive understanding of the upper ocean response to typhoons is critical for improving typhoon intensity prediction. Mesoscale and submesoscale oceanic processes play key roles in the upper ocean heat budget, yet their contributions to sea surface cooling (SSC) under typhoon forcing remain insufficiently understood. This study employs a one-way offline nested model configuration (9 km parent grid and 2 km child grid) to examine the multiscale thermal response of the South China Sea during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014). Heat budget diagnostics showed that vertical diffusion was the dominant driver of SSC, with its overall magnitude only weakly dependent on model resolution, although significant local modulation by advection was observed at eddy peripheries. Horizontal temperature advection partially compensated for mixing-induced cooling on the basin scale, while locally enhancing cooling at frontal zones, and its inter-resolution differences primarily arose from variations in the advection of temperature gradients by the background flow. The high-resolution simulation revealed substantial intensification of mesoscale and submesoscale temperature gradients, with mesoscale gradients shaping the large-scale structure of advection differences and submesoscale gradients providing localized fine-scale modulation. These results demonstrate that multiscale dynamical processes, together with vertical mixing, jointly determine the spatial pattern of SSC. The findings highlight the importance of resolving or adequately parameterizing mesoscale and submesoscale processes in ocean-typhoon interaction and prediction models.</p>

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Multiscale heat budget analysis of upper ocean responses to Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) in the South China Sea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Jinyu Cai,
  • Juncheng Xie,
  • Ze Meng,
  • Guoqing Han,
  • Peng Bai,
  • Yu Liu

摘要

A comprehensive understanding of the upper ocean response to typhoons is critical for improving typhoon intensity prediction. Mesoscale and submesoscale oceanic processes play key roles in the upper ocean heat budget, yet their contributions to sea surface cooling (SSC) under typhoon forcing remain insufficiently understood. This study employs a one-way offline nested model configuration (9 km parent grid and 2 km child grid) to examine the multiscale thermal response of the South China Sea during Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014). Heat budget diagnostics showed that vertical diffusion was the dominant driver of SSC, with its overall magnitude only weakly dependent on model resolution, although significant local modulation by advection was observed at eddy peripheries. Horizontal temperature advection partially compensated for mixing-induced cooling on the basin scale, while locally enhancing cooling at frontal zones, and its inter-resolution differences primarily arose from variations in the advection of temperature gradients by the background flow. The high-resolution simulation revealed substantial intensification of mesoscale and submesoscale temperature gradients, with mesoscale gradients shaping the large-scale structure of advection differences and submesoscale gradients providing localized fine-scale modulation. These results demonstrate that multiscale dynamical processes, together with vertical mixing, jointly determine the spatial pattern of SSC. The findings highlight the importance of resolving or adequately parameterizing mesoscale and submesoscale processes in ocean-typhoon interaction and prediction models.