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<p>High concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM) with pronounced diurnal variations strongly affect aquatic processes and water quality in bays and estuarine systems of the East China Sea. Previous studies have mainly examined TSM variations in summer, as wintertime GOCI observations suffer from high solar zenith angles and large data gaps. In this study, a neural network-based atmospheric correction model specifically designed for dawn and dusk conditions, combined with a regional TSM algorithm, was applied to generate, for the first time, reliable winter TSM products for Hangzhou Bay, Yueqing Bay, and Sanmen Bay. Validation with extensive <i>in situ</i> measurements demonstrated the robustness of the regional TSM algorithm. Results showed that, in winter, TSM concentrations were generally higher during spring tides than during neap tides, with peaks occurring within one hour of the tidal maximum, whereas during neap tides, peaks lagged 2–4 h behind. Site-specific differences were also observed: at Shengshan Station (in Hangzhou Bay), tidal inflows of clear seawater diluted suspended matter during spring tides, while in Sanmen Bay, strong tidal currents and shallow depths enhanced resuspension and produced TSM increases of up to 26-fold within five hours. In Yueqing Bay, tidal fluctuations caused nearly tenfold changes in TSM within a few hours. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method for retrieving GOCI products under high solar zenith angles in winter and provide new insights into the tidal modulation of TSM dynamics in turbid coastal waters.</p>

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Assessing the diurnal variations of total suspended matter under tidal forcing in bays and estuarine systems using GOCI data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Hao Li,
  • Xianqiang He,
  • Yan Bai,
  • Palanisamy Shanmugam,
  • Xuchen Jin,
  • Fang Gong

摘要

High concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM) with pronounced diurnal variations strongly affect aquatic processes and water quality in bays and estuarine systems of the East China Sea. Previous studies have mainly examined TSM variations in summer, as wintertime GOCI observations suffer from high solar zenith angles and large data gaps. In this study, a neural network-based atmospheric correction model specifically designed for dawn and dusk conditions, combined with a regional TSM algorithm, was applied to generate, for the first time, reliable winter TSM products for Hangzhou Bay, Yueqing Bay, and Sanmen Bay. Validation with extensive in situ measurements demonstrated the robustness of the regional TSM algorithm. Results showed that, in winter, TSM concentrations were generally higher during spring tides than during neap tides, with peaks occurring within one hour of the tidal maximum, whereas during neap tides, peaks lagged 2–4 h behind. Site-specific differences were also observed: at Shengshan Station (in Hangzhou Bay), tidal inflows of clear seawater diluted suspended matter during spring tides, while in Sanmen Bay, strong tidal currents and shallow depths enhanced resuspension and produced TSM increases of up to 26-fold within five hours. In Yueqing Bay, tidal fluctuations caused nearly tenfold changes in TSM within a few hours. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method for retrieving GOCI products under high solar zenith angles in winter and provide new insights into the tidal modulation of TSM dynamics in turbid coastal waters.