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<p>The scientific value of mooring observation networks critically depends on optimal station deployment strategies. This study employs an ensemble filter-based targeted observations approach to optimize mooring array configuration for monitoring multiscale temperature variability (0–500 m) in the South China Sea (SCS). Two experimental categories are designed: (1) a vertically coordinated observation scheme integrating 0–500 m dynamics, and (2) stratification-specific observation schemes addressing distinct hydrographic layers. Each design is optimized to resolve temperature variability at intra-seasonal (3–15 weeks) and low-frequency (&gt;15 weeks) timescales, respectively. Results indicate that the vertically coordinated observation scheme effectively captures key dynamic hotspots across distinct ocean stratifications. For intra-seasonal variability, optimal stations are primarily located along the northern SCS slope and east of Vietnam, strongly associated with mesoscale eddy activity. In contrast, the optimal array for low-frequency variability features broader spatial coverage across the northern and western SCS, capturing thermodynamical responses to the Luzon Eddy, Kuroshio intrusions, and SCS western boundary current. The optimal array achieves higher monitoring efficacy for low-frequency than intra-seasonal variability, primarily due to distinct correlation structures in ensemble samples between the two timescales: intra-seasonal-scale correlations are spatially confined by local dynamics, whereas low-frequency-scale correlations exhibit basin-wide coherence aligned with dominant Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes. Furthermore, this study integrates cross-stratification dynamical coupling into the optimal observation design by incorporating ensemble-based vertical correlation. These results provide critical guidance for establishing an optimized temperature mooring array in the SCS, with important implications for improving regional oceanic process prediction.</p>

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Targeted observations for moored arrays: resolving multi-scale thermal variability in the South China Sea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月1日

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  • Yuxuan Yang,
  • Danian Liu,
  • Yeqiang Shu,
  • Juncheng Zuo

摘要

The scientific value of mooring observation networks critically depends on optimal station deployment strategies. This study employs an ensemble filter-based targeted observations approach to optimize mooring array configuration for monitoring multiscale temperature variability (0–500 m) in the South China Sea (SCS). Two experimental categories are designed: (1) a vertically coordinated observation scheme integrating 0–500 m dynamics, and (2) stratification-specific observation schemes addressing distinct hydrographic layers. Each design is optimized to resolve temperature variability at intra-seasonal (3–15 weeks) and low-frequency (>15 weeks) timescales, respectively. Results indicate that the vertically coordinated observation scheme effectively captures key dynamic hotspots across distinct ocean stratifications. For intra-seasonal variability, optimal stations are primarily located along the northern SCS slope and east of Vietnam, strongly associated with mesoscale eddy activity. In contrast, the optimal array for low-frequency variability features broader spatial coverage across the northern and western SCS, capturing thermodynamical responses to the Luzon Eddy, Kuroshio intrusions, and SCS western boundary current. The optimal array achieves higher monitoring efficacy for low-frequency than intra-seasonal variability, primarily due to distinct correlation structures in ensemble samples between the two timescales: intra-seasonal-scale correlations are spatially confined by local dynamics, whereas low-frequency-scale correlations exhibit basin-wide coherence aligned with dominant Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modes. Furthermore, this study integrates cross-stratification dynamical coupling into the optimal observation design by incorporating ensemble-based vertical correlation. These results provide critical guidance for establishing an optimized temperature mooring array in the SCS, with important implications for improving regional oceanic process prediction.