<p>Understanding the adsorption behaviors of the radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi, and ²¹⁰Po onto marine particles is crucial for their utilization as tracers in investigating marine particle dynamics and associated biogeochemical processes. This study systematically examines the influence of varying adsorption durations on the adsorption and fractionation patterns of these radionuclides onto both inorganic mineral substrates [calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), silica (SiO₂), montmorillonite (MMT), and oyster shell whitening (OSW)] and natural organic matter components [bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA), and acid polysaccharide (APS)] through controlled laboratory simulations. The results revealed that in single-mineral particle systems, the fractionation factor (<i>F</i>_Po/Pb) consistently exceeds unity, with a diminishing fractionation effect observed over extended adsorption periods. For SiO₂ and MMT, the <i>F</i>_Bi/Pb ratio was greater than 1, whereas for in OSW, the <i>F</i>_Bi/Pb ratio was less than 1. In CaCO₃, <i>F</i>_Bi/Pb transitioned from less than 1 to greater than 1 with prolonged adsorption time. The introduction of organic matter components significantly modulates the distributions of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi, and ²¹⁰Po on mineral particles. In the CaCO₃ system, the addition of HA diminishes ²¹⁰Pb adsorption onto CaCO₃ particles. The addition of BSA enhances the fractionation of Po and Pb, whereas the addition of APS initially weakens but subsequently strengthens the fractionation of Po and Pb. Therefore, this study highlights the potential application of the ²¹⁰Bi-²¹⁰Pb nuclide pair for estimating the output flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) during silica blooms.</p>