<p>Phylogenetic inference aims to propose hypotheses that explain the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, typically represented as phylogenetic trees. These trees are constructed by analysing morphological, molecular, or other types of evolutionary data and applying optimisation methods. However, different topologies often yield equally optimal solutions for the same group under study, complicating the interpretation of a single evolutionary scenario. Consensus techniques are commonly employed to summarise agreement among these optimal trees. However, because consensus trees collapse conflicting relationships, they do not preserve the fully resolved structure of any optimal topology, which restricts analyses that require a single resolved tree with a defined parsimony score. Additionally, the polytomies arising from node collapse complicate the estimation of morphological rate of change and hinder the incorporation of temporal information into phylogenetic hypotheses. We present a pipeline that applies medoid selection and clustering techniques to characterise the topological diversity among most-parsimonious trees and to identify a fully resolved representative topology that preserves parsimony optimality. Rather than replacing consensus approaches, this method provides a complementary summary that retains a single optimal tree while making the structure of the broader phylogenetic landscape explicit. As case studies, we applied the pipeline to the phylogenetic analyses of <i>Burkesuchus mallingrandensis</i> and <i>Arackar licanantay</i>, two fossil taxa from Chile. In both cases, the pipeline recovered representative optimal trees that complement the interpretations of the original studies. The approach also supports analyses that require a resolved topology, including estimating morphological change rates and incorporating temporal information via time-scaling.</p>

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Exploring topological landscapes in morphological phylogenetics using clustering and medoid selection: case studies from Chilean fossil taxa

  • Camila Concha-Toro,
  • Catalina Riquelme-Zamora,
  • Mauro Aranciaga-Rolando,
  • Manuel Villalobos-Cid

摘要

Phylogenetic inference aims to propose hypotheses that explain the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, typically represented as phylogenetic trees. These trees are constructed by analysing morphological, molecular, or other types of evolutionary data and applying optimisation methods. However, different topologies often yield equally optimal solutions for the same group under study, complicating the interpretation of a single evolutionary scenario. Consensus techniques are commonly employed to summarise agreement among these optimal trees. However, because consensus trees collapse conflicting relationships, they do not preserve the fully resolved structure of any optimal topology, which restricts analyses that require a single resolved tree with a defined parsimony score. Additionally, the polytomies arising from node collapse complicate the estimation of morphological rate of change and hinder the incorporation of temporal information into phylogenetic hypotheses. We present a pipeline that applies medoid selection and clustering techniques to characterise the topological diversity among most-parsimonious trees and to identify a fully resolved representative topology that preserves parsimony optimality. Rather than replacing consensus approaches, this method provides a complementary summary that retains a single optimal tree while making the structure of the broader phylogenetic landscape explicit. As case studies, we applied the pipeline to the phylogenetic analyses of Burkesuchus mallingrandensis and Arackar licanantay, two fossil taxa from Chile. In both cases, the pipeline recovered representative optimal trees that complement the interpretations of the original studies. The approach also supports analyses that require a resolved topology, including estimating morphological change rates and incorporating temporal information via time-scaling.