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<p>Carbon quantum dot (CQDs) is a carbon nanomaterial that is increasingly attracting attention due to its unique properties, such as high fluorescence properties, very small particle size (1–10&#xa0;nm), high surface area, active functional groups, photostability, and good biocompatibility. These advantages make CQDs a potential candidate in a wide range of energy, catalyst, biomedical, and electrochemical sensor applications. This study reported that CQDs synthesis uses two different approaches, namely the palm kernel shell (PKS) biomass-based hydrothermal method and the graphite electrolysis method, as well as evaluating its electrochemical performance in battery and sensor applications. In the hydrothermal method, the optimum conditions were obtained at a temperature of 160&#xa0;°C with a reaction time of 7&#xa0;h, resulting in a CQDs of the PKS with a larger current area and the specific capacitance value (Cs) of the electrolyte NaOH of 0.40&#xa0;M increased from 0.0193&#xa0;F/g to 0.0238&#xa0;F/g. A significant increase reached 0.0828&#xa0;F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The performance of this material is associated with the synergy effect of the presence of active functional groups (–COOH, –C = O, C–OH) that strengthen charge transfer and ion interactions at the electrode interface. Meanwhile, the electrolysis method at a voltage of 5&#xa0;V produces an ideal CQDs, so that when modified on the graphene electrode (G@CQDs), it mobilizes an increase in the redox current from Δ<i>I</i><i>p</i> = 1,04 µA/cm² to 1.06 µA/cm², with optimal current <i>I</i>p<sub>a</sub> = 3.67 µA/cm² and <i>I</i>p<sub>c</sub> = 4.15 µA/cm². On the other hand, this material shows a positive performance on the linearity of the scan rate, namely (R² &gt; 0.99). These results confirm that the selection of material precursors and synthesis methods during operation greatly determines the characteristics and electrochemical functions of CQDs. These findings not only demonstrate the potential of CQDs in improving the energy storage performance of batteries and the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors, but also open up great opportunities in the development of nanocarbon materials for future energy technologies and high-efficiency sensor devices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In-depth Investigation of the Roles of Nanocluster Carbon Quantum Dot derived Two Sources and Synthesis Pathways for Electrochemical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Kurniawan Kurniawan,
  • Zul Arham,
  • Ismaun Ismaun,
  • Muhammad Nurdin,
  • Irwan Irwan,
  • Fadil Arham,
  • Fharaz Jhanizza,
  • Sjamsiah Sjamsiah

摘要

Carbon quantum dot (CQDs) is a carbon nanomaterial that is increasingly attracting attention due to its unique properties, such as high fluorescence properties, very small particle size (1–10 nm), high surface area, active functional groups, photostability, and good biocompatibility. These advantages make CQDs a potential candidate in a wide range of energy, catalyst, biomedical, and electrochemical sensor applications. This study reported that CQDs synthesis uses two different approaches, namely the palm kernel shell (PKS) biomass-based hydrothermal method and the graphite electrolysis method, as well as evaluating its electrochemical performance in battery and sensor applications. In the hydrothermal method, the optimum conditions were obtained at a temperature of 160 °C with a reaction time of 7 h, resulting in a CQDs of the PKS with a larger current area and the specific capacitance value (Cs) of the electrolyte NaOH of 0.40 M increased from 0.0193 F/g to 0.0238 F/g. A significant increase reached 0.0828 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The performance of this material is associated with the synergy effect of the presence of active functional groups (–COOH, –C = O, C–OH) that strengthen charge transfer and ion interactions at the electrode interface. Meanwhile, the electrolysis method at a voltage of 5 V produces an ideal CQDs, so that when modified on the graphene electrode (G@CQDs), it mobilizes an increase in the redox current from ΔIp = 1,04 µA/cm² to 1.06 µA/cm², with optimal current Ipa = 3.67 µA/cm² and Ipc = 4.15 µA/cm². On the other hand, this material shows a positive performance on the linearity of the scan rate, namely (R² > 0.99). These results confirm that the selection of material precursors and synthesis methods during operation greatly determines the characteristics and electrochemical functions of CQDs. These findings not only demonstrate the potential of CQDs in improving the energy storage performance of batteries and the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors, but also open up great opportunities in the development of nanocarbon materials for future energy technologies and high-efficiency sensor devices.

Graphical Abstract