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Background and aims <p>Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients ineligible for thermal ablation or surgery. However, real-world evidence on how physicians select between locoregional therapies, the stage-specific outcomes of these treatment decisions, and the prognostic determinants that transcend treatment modality remains limited. We aimed to (1) characterize real-world treatment allocation patterns between SBRT and other locoregional therapies (OLT) in patients with cirrhosis and HCC, (2) describe disease control, recurrence, and survival outcomes stratified by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, and (3) identify adverse prognostic factors for mortality across the overall cohort.</p> Patients and methods <p>This retrospective, single-centre, descriptive observational study included patients with HCC treated between April 2021 and October 2024. Patients received either SBRT or OLT (<i>n</i> = 42, including radiofrequency or microwave ablation, trans-arterial chemoembolization, or combinations thereof). Disease control was assessed at 90 days using modified RECIST criteria. Outcomes were analysed within BCLC strata, and competing risks analysis was performed for recurrence. Prognostic factors for mortality were assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses across the entire cohort.</p> Results <p>Real-world physician choices revealed significant confounding by indication: SBRT was preferentially selected for patients with more advanced disease (BCLC B/C/D: 69.5% vs. 47.6%; <i>p</i> = 0.017) and worse baseline liver function (CTP score: 7.2 ± 1.9 vs. 6.4 ± 1.5; <i>p</i> = 0.015). Within the BCLC B stratum, the only stage with adequate patients in both arms, baseline characteristics were comparable across key parameters. Ninety-day disease control rates were comparable overall (92.9% vs. 83.3%; <i>p</i> = 0.074) and within BCLC B (86.3% vs. 76.5%; <i>p</i> = 0.448). All 19 deaths occurred exclusively in BCLC B/C/D patients (<i>p</i> = 0.001), regardless of treatment modality, with no deaths among 61 early-stage (BCLC 0/A) patients. Across the entire cohort, serum albumin (dead 3.17 ± 0.58 vs. alive 3.51 ± 0.55; <i>p</i> = 0.016), ALBI score (<i>p</i> = 0.030), and BCLC stage were dominant mortality predictors. Mortality was driven by sepsis rather than tumor progression.</p> Conclusions <p>In this real-world descriptive study, SBRT was reserved for higher-risk patients yet achieved comparable disease control across BCLC stages. Survival was ultimately determined by BCLC stage and hepatic reserve, particularly serum albumin, rather than treatment modality. These findings support risk stratification using albumin and diabetes status to guide treatment selection. Prospective, BCLC-stage matched studies are needed to confirm treatment-specific effects.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Stereotactic body radiotherapy and other locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: real-world treatment allocation, BCLC-stratified outcomes, and prognostic determinants

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Cyriac Abby Philips,
  • Tharun Tom Oommen,
  • Jose Paul,
  • Rajesh Sasidharan,
  • Arif Hussain Theruvath,
  • Aryalakshmi Sreemohan,
  • Ambily Baby,
  • Rinu Mary Saji,
  • Akshay Venugopal,
  • Ajit Tharakan,
  • Philip Augustine

摘要

Background and aims

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients ineligible for thermal ablation or surgery. However, real-world evidence on how physicians select between locoregional therapies, the stage-specific outcomes of these treatment decisions, and the prognostic determinants that transcend treatment modality remains limited. We aimed to (1) characterize real-world treatment allocation patterns between SBRT and other locoregional therapies (OLT) in patients with cirrhosis and HCC, (2) describe disease control, recurrence, and survival outcomes stratified by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, and (3) identify adverse prognostic factors for mortality across the overall cohort.

Patients and methods

This retrospective, single-centre, descriptive observational study included patients with HCC treated between April 2021 and October 2024. Patients received either SBRT or OLT (n = 42, including radiofrequency or microwave ablation, trans-arterial chemoembolization, or combinations thereof). Disease control was assessed at 90 days using modified RECIST criteria. Outcomes were analysed within BCLC strata, and competing risks analysis was performed for recurrence. Prognostic factors for mortality were assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses across the entire cohort.

Results

Real-world physician choices revealed significant confounding by indication: SBRT was preferentially selected for patients with more advanced disease (BCLC B/C/D: 69.5% vs. 47.6%; p = 0.017) and worse baseline liver function (CTP score: 7.2 ± 1.9 vs. 6.4 ± 1.5; p = 0.015). Within the BCLC B stratum, the only stage with adequate patients in both arms, baseline characteristics were comparable across key parameters. Ninety-day disease control rates were comparable overall (92.9% vs. 83.3%; p = 0.074) and within BCLC B (86.3% vs. 76.5%; p = 0.448). All 19 deaths occurred exclusively in BCLC B/C/D patients (p = 0.001), regardless of treatment modality, with no deaths among 61 early-stage (BCLC 0/A) patients. Across the entire cohort, serum albumin (dead 3.17 ± 0.58 vs. alive 3.51 ± 0.55; p = 0.016), ALBI score (p = 0.030), and BCLC stage were dominant mortality predictors. Mortality was driven by sepsis rather than tumor progression.

Conclusions

In this real-world descriptive study, SBRT was reserved for higher-risk patients yet achieved comparable disease control across BCLC stages. Survival was ultimately determined by BCLC stage and hepatic reserve, particularly serum albumin, rather than treatment modality. These findings support risk stratification using albumin and diabetes status to guide treatment selection. Prospective, BCLC-stage matched studies are needed to confirm treatment-specific effects.

Graphical Abstract