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Background <p>Neck lymphadenopathy is frequently associated with infectious etiologies such as tuberculosis (TB); however, malignant conditions can present with similar clinical and radiological features, leading to diagnostic uncertainty and potential misdiagnosis.</p> Case presentation <p>We describe a 35-year-old immunocompetent man who presented with persistent fever and a progressively enlarging right neck mass. Initial fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealed multinucleated giant cells consistent with granulomatous inflammation, prompting a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis and initiation of anti-TB therapy. Despite treatment, the mass continued to enlarge with no meaningful clinical improvement. A diagnostic surgical (incisional) biopsy was subsequently performed, and histopathology demonstrated poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) infiltrating the subcutaneous tissues. PET-CT revealed a solitary hypermetabolic lesion without evidence of distant metastasis, supporting a final diagnosis of primary subcutaneous cutaneous SCC.</p> Conclusion <p>This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of distinguishing TB from malignancy when clinical, cytological, and radiological features overlap. In patients with persistent neck masses and atypical or inadequate response to empirical anti-TB therapy, early reconsideration of the diagnosis—including repeat tissue sampling or excisional biopsy—is essential. Prompt identification of malignant mimics is critical to prevent delays in treatment and improve clinical outcomes.</p>

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Primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the neck mimicking tuberculous lymphadenitis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Lin Zhang,
  • Zhenjiang Zhang,
  • Huichun Ji

摘要

Background

Neck lymphadenopathy is frequently associated with infectious etiologies such as tuberculosis (TB); however, malignant conditions can present with similar clinical and radiological features, leading to diagnostic uncertainty and potential misdiagnosis.

Case presentation

We describe a 35-year-old immunocompetent man who presented with persistent fever and a progressively enlarging right neck mass. Initial fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealed multinucleated giant cells consistent with granulomatous inflammation, prompting a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis and initiation of anti-TB therapy. Despite treatment, the mass continued to enlarge with no meaningful clinical improvement. A diagnostic surgical (incisional) biopsy was subsequently performed, and histopathology demonstrated poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) infiltrating the subcutaneous tissues. PET-CT revealed a solitary hypermetabolic lesion without evidence of distant metastasis, supporting a final diagnosis of primary subcutaneous cutaneous SCC.

Conclusion

This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of distinguishing TB from malignancy when clinical, cytological, and radiological features overlap. In patients with persistent neck masses and atypical or inadequate response to empirical anti-TB therapy, early reconsideration of the diagnosis—including repeat tissue sampling or excisional biopsy—is essential. Prompt identification of malignant mimics is critical to prevent delays in treatment and improve clinical outcomes.