Objectives <p>Prior research has centered on mindfulness meditation-induced improvements in creative cognition, with scarce exploration of its effects on creative personality and the neural mechanisms involved. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) explored how mindfulness meditation affected creative personality and resting-state EEG (rs-EEG) microstates, seeking preliminary evidence for causal links among mindfulness, rs-EEG microstates, and creative personality.</p> Method <p>Fifty-eight Chinese undergraduates were randomized to a 4-week mindfulness meditation group or a waitlist control group. The Williams Creativity Aptitude Test and rs-EEG microstate parameters were assessed pre- and post-intervention.</p> Results <p>Post-test data indicated the mindfulness meditation group scored significantly higher than the control group in overall creative personality, risk-taking orientation, and challenge orientation. Additionally, the meditation group showed significant pretest-to-posttest improvement in total score and imagination dimension. Further analyses revealed the challenge dimension differences were jointly driven by the meditation group’s increased scores and control group’s decreased scores, while risk-taking orientation differences were solely attributable to the control group’s reduced scores. Rs-EEG microstate analysis showed the meditation group had significantly higher Microstate D occurrence but lower A → C and C → A transition probabilities than the control group. Post–pre adjusted correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between ΔMicrostate D occurrence and Δimagination scores in the meditation group.</p> Conclusions <p>Mindfulness meditation may positively influence the imagination trait of creative personality through modulating the occurrence of brain Microstate D.</p> Preregistration <p>This study was not preregistered.</p>