Objectives <p>Self-compassion, conceptualized as the capacity to extend kindness and understanding toward oneself in the face of adversity, has been increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of emotional resilience and psychological well-being. Prior studies have suggested that self-compassion facilitates the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, particularly cognitive reappraisal.&#xa0;The present study investigated whether individual differences in trait self-compassion modulate the efficacy of cognitive reappraisal in mitigating negative affect elicited by social exclusion.</p> Method <p> Participants categorized as high or low in self-compassion completed an emotion regulation task involving social exclusion imagery, during which behavioral responses and scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) data were collected. Event-related potential (ERP) analyses focused on the frontal N2 and parietal late positive potential (LPP) components, known to reflect cognitive control and affective processing, respectively.</p> Results <p>Behavioral measures indicated no significant differences between groups in the subjective effectiveness of reappraisal. However, ERP results demonstrated attenuated frontal N2 amplitudes and an atypical LPP modulation pattern in the low self-compassion group, suggesting diminished engagement of cognitive control and reduced neural efficiency in emotion regulation.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings reveal that, despite similar behavioral outcomes, individuals with lower trait self-compassion exhibit altered neurocognitive mechanisms during reappraisal, indicating inefficiencies in the regulation of social pain. This study provides novel electrophysiological evidence for the role of self-compassion in emotion regulation, with implications for developing targeted interventions aimed at enhancing emotional resilience.</p> Preregistration <p>This study is not preregistered.</p>