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<p>Low micronutrient use efficiency and widespread hidden hunger necessitate innovative nutrient delivery approaches for sustainable crop biofortification. Conventional micronutrient fertilizers often exhibit low nutrient efficiencies &lt; 5% due to soil immobilization, precipitation and limited foliar absorption, particularly in alkaline and calcareous soils. Carbon dots (CDs), due to their nanoscale dimensions (&lt; 10&#xa0;nm), tunable surface chemistry and photoluminescent properties have emerged as innovative micronutrient delivery systems. They possess more surface functional groups (-COOH, -OH, -NH<sub>2</sub>) that enable efficient chelation, enhanced nutrient binding, facilitated transport and controlled release of essential ions such as Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Zn<sup>2+</sup> that improves nutrient bioavailability. Furthermore, CDs enhance UV to visible light conversion that can increase net photosynthetic rates by up to 66.68% and electron transport rates by 25%. Studies indicated that zinc doped nitrogen CDs (Zn-NCDs) increased grain zinc concentration in wheat by 78.83% and 29.73% compared with conventional ZnSO<sub>4</sub> and Zn-EDTA, respectively, while simultaneously enhancing root shoot biomass by 20%, fertile spikelets by 44%, and grain yield by 16%. Similarly, foliar application of CDs at 40 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> in coriander elevated iron by 125%, manganese by 56% and potassium by 64.3% relative to untreated controls. Despite their promise as nanocarriers, key gaps remain in elucidating uptake pathways, translocation and grain loading across diverse crop genotypes. In addition, defining the safe dose thresholds is important, as oxidative stress, ecotoxicological risks and phytotoxicity are influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of CDs including their size, shape and their precursor chemistry that varies across diverse crop varieties and species. Addressing these issues is critical for translating CD-based nano fertilizers into scalable, safe agronomic practice. This review includes a comprehensive overview on the CDs based micronutrient delivery system in agriculture ecosystem, along with detailed insights in to the biosafety and environmental toxicity of CDs at different trophic levels. Overall, the review highlights the novel insights of CDs-plant interactions and identifies existing knowledge gaps through a systematic literature review to guide future research towards sustainable agriculture.</p>

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Carbon Dots: A Boon for Efficient Micronutrient Delivery in Agriculture Ecosystem

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Praveen Karthikeyan,
  • Kannan Pandian,
  • Raja Kalimuthu,
  • Jeya Sundara Sharmila Devasahayam,
  • Raj Kishore Subramani Krishnaraj,
  • Surya Teja Varanasi,
  • Ajay Govindaraj,
  • Lokesh Thirumurugan

摘要

Low micronutrient use efficiency and widespread hidden hunger necessitate innovative nutrient delivery approaches for sustainable crop biofortification. Conventional micronutrient fertilizers often exhibit low nutrient efficiencies < 5% due to soil immobilization, precipitation and limited foliar absorption, particularly in alkaline and calcareous soils. Carbon dots (CDs), due to their nanoscale dimensions (< 10 nm), tunable surface chemistry and photoluminescent properties have emerged as innovative micronutrient delivery systems. They possess more surface functional groups (-COOH, -OH, -NH2) that enable efficient chelation, enhanced nutrient binding, facilitated transport and controlled release of essential ions such as Fe2+ and Zn2+ that improves nutrient bioavailability. Furthermore, CDs enhance UV to visible light conversion that can increase net photosynthetic rates by up to 66.68% and electron transport rates by 25%. Studies indicated that zinc doped nitrogen CDs (Zn-NCDs) increased grain zinc concentration in wheat by 78.83% and 29.73% compared with conventional ZnSO4 and Zn-EDTA, respectively, while simultaneously enhancing root shoot biomass by 20%, fertile spikelets by 44%, and grain yield by 16%. Similarly, foliar application of CDs at 40 mg L− 1 in coriander elevated iron by 125%, manganese by 56% and potassium by 64.3% relative to untreated controls. Despite their promise as nanocarriers, key gaps remain in elucidating uptake pathways, translocation and grain loading across diverse crop genotypes. In addition, defining the safe dose thresholds is important, as oxidative stress, ecotoxicological risks and phytotoxicity are influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of CDs including their size, shape and their precursor chemistry that varies across diverse crop varieties and species. Addressing these issues is critical for translating CD-based nano fertilizers into scalable, safe agronomic practice. This review includes a comprehensive overview on the CDs based micronutrient delivery system in agriculture ecosystem, along with detailed insights in to the biosafety and environmental toxicity of CDs at different trophic levels. Overall, the review highlights the novel insights of CDs-plant interactions and identifies existing knowledge gaps through a systematic literature review to guide future research towards sustainable agriculture.