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<p>Natural polymer-based nanocarriers have attracted considerable interest for enhancing the delivery, stability, and sustained release of herbal bioactive compounds. This study explored the use of finger millet starch as a nanoparticulate carrier for the water-soluble extracts of <i>Emblica officinalis</i> (Amla), <i>Curcuma longa</i> (Haridra), and <i>Terminalia arjuna</i> (Arjuna). Extract-loaded nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, FTIR, PXRD, DTA, SEM, in vitro phytoactive release, antimicrobial activity, and hemocompatibility. The optimized formulations exhibited particle sizes of 157.7 ± 12.2&#xa0;nm, 184.5 ± 14.6&#xa0;nm, and 198.2 ± 10.4&#xa0;nm for Amla, Haridra, and Arjuna, respectively, with corresponding PDI values of 0.453 ± 0.02, 0.379 ± 0.02, and 0.331 ± 0.01. Zeta potential values ranging from − 20.1 to − 21.4 mV indicated moderate colloidal stability. FTIR analysis confirmed interactions between the starch matrix and the encapsulated extracts, while PXRD and DTA results suggested the formation of an amorphous system. SEM images revealed irregular rod-shaped, non-agglomerated nanoparticles with uniform phyto distribution. After 8&#xa0;h, cumulative phytoactive release was 24.87 ± 0.05% for Amla, 47.75 ± 0.01% for Haridra, and 34.15 ± 0.01% for Arjuna, following a non-Fickian release mechanism. The nanoparticle formulations demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Salmonella typhi</i> and exhibited good blood compatibility. In conclusion, finger millet starch nanoparticles effectively encapsulated the three herbal extracts and provided sustained release, improved antimicrobial activity, and favorable hemocompatibility, demonstrating their potential as a natural nanocarrier system for herbal delivery.</p>

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Finger Millet Starch-based Nanocarriers Encapsulating Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa, and Terminalia arjuna Extracts for Sustained Delivery: Formulation, Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Sfurti Sakhare,
  • Manali Pore,
  • Snehal Patil,
  • Richa Khadke,
  • Amol Shete

摘要

Natural polymer-based nanocarriers have attracted considerable interest for enhancing the delivery, stability, and sustained release of herbal bioactive compounds. This study explored the use of finger millet starch as a nanoparticulate carrier for the water-soluble extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Curcuma longa (Haridra), and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna). Extract-loaded nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, FTIR, PXRD, DTA, SEM, in vitro phytoactive release, antimicrobial activity, and hemocompatibility. The optimized formulations exhibited particle sizes of 157.7 ± 12.2 nm, 184.5 ± 14.6 nm, and 198.2 ± 10.4 nm for Amla, Haridra, and Arjuna, respectively, with corresponding PDI values of 0.453 ± 0.02, 0.379 ± 0.02, and 0.331 ± 0.01. Zeta potential values ranging from − 20.1 to − 21.4 mV indicated moderate colloidal stability. FTIR analysis confirmed interactions between the starch matrix and the encapsulated extracts, while PXRD and DTA results suggested the formation of an amorphous system. SEM images revealed irregular rod-shaped, non-agglomerated nanoparticles with uniform phyto distribution. After 8 h, cumulative phytoactive release was 24.87 ± 0.05% for Amla, 47.75 ± 0.01% for Haridra, and 34.15 ± 0.01% for Arjuna, following a non-Fickian release mechanism. The nanoparticle formulations demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi and exhibited good blood compatibility. In conclusion, finger millet starch nanoparticles effectively encapsulated the three herbal extracts and provided sustained release, improved antimicrobial activity, and favorable hemocompatibility, demonstrating their potential as a natural nanocarrier system for herbal delivery.