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<p>The widespread presence of microbial pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, in the environment poses a critical global threat to public health, particularly through their integration into the food chain. To address this challenge, this study developed an antimicrobial formulation based on a carbon quantum dot–silver nanoparticle (CQDs@AgNPs) nanohybrid material. The CQDs were synthesized via a green solvothermal route using <i>Macaranga tanarius</i> (<i>M. tanarius</i>) leaf extract as a precursor. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization—including XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, and cyclic voltammetry (CV)—confirmed distinct properties between the pristine CQDs and the CQDs@AgNPs nanohybrids. The incorporation of AgNPs introduced unique physicochemical characteristics, expanding the redox potential range to an anodic peak potential (<i>E</i><sub>p.a.</sub>) of + 0.24&#xa0;V and a cathodic peak potential (<i>E</i><sub>pc</sub>) of -0.27&#xa0;V. Furthermore, the nanohybrids exhibited strong UV light absorption at (λ<sub>maz</sub>) values of 244 and 282&#xa0;nm. Successful AgNP hybridization was evidenced by a sharp infrared absorption band at 1382&#xa0;cm<sup>− 1</sup> and characteristic crystalline planes corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) Miller indices. Morphologically, the CQDs@AgNPs displayed a zero-dimensional (0D) structure composed of fine and gravel-like intermediate particles. The agar diffusion assay revealed a potent synergistic antimicrobial effect of the nanohybrid material, yielding inhibition zone diameters between 11 and 21&#xa0;mm against both bacterial and fungal strains. Overall, these findings underscore the promising potential of plant extract-derived nanohybrids as eco-friendly precursors for advanced nanotechnology applications.</p>

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Antimicrobial Nanohybrids Based on CQDs@AgNPs: Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Formula Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Saparuddin Saparuddin,
  • Asni Asni,
  • Djunarlin Tojang,
  • Nurul Aulia,
  • Sonita Afrita Purba Siboro,
  • Syawal Abdurrahman,
  • Zul Arham

摘要

The widespread presence of microbial pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, in the environment poses a critical global threat to public health, particularly through their integration into the food chain. To address this challenge, this study developed an antimicrobial formulation based on a carbon quantum dot–silver nanoparticle (CQDs@AgNPs) nanohybrid material. The CQDs were synthesized via a green solvothermal route using Macaranga tanarius (M. tanarius) leaf extract as a precursor. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization—including XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, and cyclic voltammetry (CV)—confirmed distinct properties between the pristine CQDs and the CQDs@AgNPs nanohybrids. The incorporation of AgNPs introduced unique physicochemical characteristics, expanding the redox potential range to an anodic peak potential (Ep.a.) of + 0.24 V and a cathodic peak potential (Epc) of -0.27 V. Furthermore, the nanohybrids exhibited strong UV light absorption at (λmaz) values of 244 and 282 nm. Successful AgNP hybridization was evidenced by a sharp infrared absorption band at 1382 cm− 1 and characteristic crystalline planes corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) Miller indices. Morphologically, the CQDs@AgNPs displayed a zero-dimensional (0D) structure composed of fine and gravel-like intermediate particles. The agar diffusion assay revealed a potent synergistic antimicrobial effect of the nanohybrid material, yielding inhibition zone diameters between 11 and 21 mm against both bacterial and fungal strains. Overall, these findings underscore the promising potential of plant extract-derived nanohybrids as eco-friendly precursors for advanced nanotechnology applications.