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<p>The study aimed to develop and characterize green synthesized chitosan –silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)– sodium fluoride (NaF) based varnishes and to assess their antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> using a prosthetic acrylic surface model. The varnishes were formulated by the incorporation of AgNPs synthesized via green reduction of silver nitrate using gallic acid (GAL) and gum arabic (GA), into a chitosan-NaF base to formulate GAL-Varnish and GA-Varnish formulations. The synthesized AgNPs and varnishes were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis and Congo red assay. Also a prosthetic surface was used as a preliminary in vitro biofilm screening platform by using crystal violet (CV) assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Antioxidant activity and hemocompatibility were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and hemolysis assays, respectively. From the results of the study, the varnishes synthesized were found to be effective in reducing the growth of <i>S. mutans</i> on the tooth surface. However, GAL-Varnish exhibited enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity with MIC of 1.56% (v/v), sub-MIC of 0.78% (v/v), zone of inhibition of 16&#xa0;mm, and 90.62 ± 0.92% antioxidant activity. The improved performance of GAL-Varnish could be associated with the smaller particle size (2.25 ± 0.85&#xa0;nm), higher negative surface charge (− 22.3 mV), and improved crystalline organization observed in XRD analysis. CV biofilm assay and SEM analyses further demonstrated reduced <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm formation on varnish-coated acrylic surfaces. These findings revealed that the prepared dental varnish formulation reduced the growth of <i>S. mutans</i> and hence holds great potential as an effective anti-caries agent.</p>

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Effectiveness of Green Synthesized Chitosan–Silver Nanoparticle-Fluoride Varnish for the Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Adhesion on Prosthetic Surfaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Unnikrishnan B,
  • Aleetta Selestine,
  • Nishad Keethedeth,
  • Suman Sreedharan,
  • Jayachandran K,
  • Manjima K,
  • Radhakrishnan E K

摘要

The study aimed to develop and characterize green synthesized chitosan –silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)– sodium fluoride (NaF) based varnishes and to assess their antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against Streptococcus mutans using a prosthetic acrylic surface model. The varnishes were formulated by the incorporation of AgNPs synthesized via green reduction of silver nitrate using gallic acid (GAL) and gum arabic (GA), into a chitosan-NaF base to formulate GAL-Varnish and GA-Varnish formulations. The synthesized AgNPs and varnishes were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy was assessed using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis and Congo red assay. Also a prosthetic surface was used as a preliminary in vitro biofilm screening platform by using crystal violet (CV) assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Antioxidant activity and hemocompatibility were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and hemolysis assays, respectively. From the results of the study, the varnishes synthesized were found to be effective in reducing the growth of S. mutans on the tooth surface. However, GAL-Varnish exhibited enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity with MIC of 1.56% (v/v), sub-MIC of 0.78% (v/v), zone of inhibition of 16 mm, and 90.62 ± 0.92% antioxidant activity. The improved performance of GAL-Varnish could be associated with the smaller particle size (2.25 ± 0.85 nm), higher negative surface charge (− 22.3 mV), and improved crystalline organization observed in XRD analysis. CV biofilm assay and SEM analyses further demonstrated reduced S. mutans biofilm formation on varnish-coated acrylic surfaces. These findings revealed that the prepared dental varnish formulation reduced the growth of S. mutans and hence holds great potential as an effective anti-caries agent.