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<p>Effective cancer therapy remains a considerable clinical challenge, largely due to the inherent limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as poor tumor selectivity and significant systemic toxicity. Despite the availability and ongoing development of multiple chemotherapeutics, their clinical effectiveness is often hindered by off-target effects and insufficient drug accumulation at tumor sites. In response to these challenges, nanoparticle (NPs) based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to enhance therapeutic precision, minimize adverse effects, and improve patient outcomes. Among the diverse nanocarriers explored, cobalt oxide (CO) NPs have garnered increasing interest owing to their distinctive physicochemical attributes, including a hyperbranched three-dimensional architecture, nanoscale dimensions, and hydrophobic core. These characteristics facilitate high drug-loading capacity and enable controlled, sustained release of therapeutic agents. The presented review provides a critical analysis of the current state of CO NP-based delivery systems, focusing on their synthesis, surface functionalization, and applications in cancer therapy, while also assessing their translational potential in clinical oncology and highlighting future directions for their incorporation into advanced targeted drug delivery platforms.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Review of Design, Drug Delivery Potential, and Translational Prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Mohammad Sameer Khan,
  • Garima Gupta,
  • Abdulrhman Alsayari,
  • Shadma Wahab,
  • Khang Wen Goh,
  • Amirhossein Sahebkar,
  • Prashant Kesharwani

摘要

Effective cancer therapy remains a considerable clinical challenge, largely due to the inherent limitations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as poor tumor selectivity and significant systemic toxicity. Despite the availability and ongoing development of multiple chemotherapeutics, their clinical effectiveness is often hindered by off-target effects and insufficient drug accumulation at tumor sites. In response to these challenges, nanoparticle (NPs) based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to enhance therapeutic precision, minimize adverse effects, and improve patient outcomes. Among the diverse nanocarriers explored, cobalt oxide (CO) NPs have garnered increasing interest owing to their distinctive physicochemical attributes, including a hyperbranched three-dimensional architecture, nanoscale dimensions, and hydrophobic core. These characteristics facilitate high drug-loading capacity and enable controlled, sustained release of therapeutic agents. The presented review provides a critical analysis of the current state of CO NP-based delivery systems, focusing on their synthesis, surface functionalization, and applications in cancer therapy, while also assessing their translational potential in clinical oncology and highlighting future directions for their incorporation into advanced targeted drug delivery platforms.

Graphical Abstract