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<p>This study reports the biological synthesis of environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the marine red alga <i>Gracilaria corticata</i>. The algal extract served as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in the formation of ZnO nanoparticles (GC-ZnONPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, HRTEM, DLS, zeta potential analysis, VSM, NMR and TGA/DTA. Characterization results confirmed that GC-ZnONPs possess a crystalline structure with predominantly spherical and hexagonal morphologies and a relatively uniform size distribution. The GC-ZnONPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity through inhibiting DPPH and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> free radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated using a bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation. In addition, GC-ZnONPs showed pronounced antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacterial strains. Cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay revealed strong anticancer activity against AGS gastric cancer cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 53.16&#xa0;µg/mL. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding interactions between 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, a bioactive compound isolated from <i>G. corticata</i> and key gastric cancer-associated proteins, including KRAS, PIK3CA, SMAD4, TP53 and CDH1, suggesting a potential multi-target therapeutic mechanism. Collectively, these findings indicate that GC-ZnONPs exhibit multifunctional biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer properties. Overall, the results highlight the promise of green nanomedicine for the development of environmentally sustainable, marine-derived nanotherapeutics for gastric cancer treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Red Alga Gracilaria corticata: A Multi-Target Approach Against Gastric Cancer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Hemapreethi Surendran,
  • Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi,
  • Sandhiya Viswanathan,
  • Asha Sivaji,
  • Kowsalya Rajendran,
  • S Manivannan,
  • Maddaly Ravi,
  • Safia Obaidur Rab,
  • Mohd Saeed

摘要

This study reports the biological synthesis of environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the marine red alga Gracilaria corticata. The algal extract served as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in the formation of ZnO nanoparticles (GC-ZnONPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, HRTEM, DLS, zeta potential analysis, VSM, NMR and TGA/DTA. Characterization results confirmed that GC-ZnONPs possess a crystalline structure with predominantly spherical and hexagonal morphologies and a relatively uniform size distribution. The GC-ZnONPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity through inhibiting DPPH and H2O2 free radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated using a bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation. In addition, GC-ZnONPs showed pronounced antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacterial strains. Cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay revealed strong anticancer activity against AGS gastric cancer cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 53.16 µg/mL. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding interactions between 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, a bioactive compound isolated from G. corticata and key gastric cancer-associated proteins, including KRAS, PIK3CA, SMAD4, TP53 and CDH1, suggesting a potential multi-target therapeutic mechanism. Collectively, these findings indicate that GC-ZnONPs exhibit multifunctional biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer properties. Overall, the results highlight the promise of green nanomedicine for the development of environmentally sustainable, marine-derived nanotherapeutics for gastric cancer treatment.

Graphical Abstract