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<p>Growing interest in nanomaterials has highlighted silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as especially versatile, driving demand for green synthesis methods that replace hazardous chemicals with sustainable alternatives. Propolis, a bee-derived resin enriched with phenolic compounds, possesses reducing and stabilizing capabilities, making it a promising candidate for synthesizing AgNPs. In the current study, the influence of 10&#xa0;kGy gamma irradiation on the ethanolic extract of Iranian propolis (EEP) was examined for its effect on reducing efficiency and stabilizing capacity. AgNPs were synthesized using both irradiated and non-irradiated EEP at room temperature, followed by characterization through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak between 400 and 450&#xa0;nm indicated nanoparticle formation in both groups, while FE-SEM revealed that AgNPs synthesized using irradiated EEP had a more uniform, predominantly spherical morphology. Antioxidant activity, measured utilizing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, showed that AgNPs synthesized using irradiated EEP achieved the highest free radical scavenging capacity across all tested concentrations, reaching 94.8 ± 2.67% at 150&#xa0;µg/mL. The obtained findings suggest that gamma irradiation enhances the reductive and antioxidant properties of propolis, enabling efficient and sustainable green synthesis of AgNPs with potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

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Comparative Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Gamma-Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Ethanolic Extract of Iranian Propolis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Farimehr Ghanizadeh Geraili,
  • Seyed Mahmoud Reza Aghamiri,
  • Marzieh Heidarieh

摘要

Growing interest in nanomaterials has highlighted silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as especially versatile, driving demand for green synthesis methods that replace hazardous chemicals with sustainable alternatives. Propolis, a bee-derived resin enriched with phenolic compounds, possesses reducing and stabilizing capabilities, making it a promising candidate for synthesizing AgNPs. In the current study, the influence of 10 kGy gamma irradiation on the ethanolic extract of Iranian propolis (EEP) was examined for its effect on reducing efficiency and stabilizing capacity. AgNPs were synthesized using both irradiated and non-irradiated EEP at room temperature, followed by characterization through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak between 400 and 450 nm indicated nanoparticle formation in both groups, while FE-SEM revealed that AgNPs synthesized using irradiated EEP had a more uniform, predominantly spherical morphology. Antioxidant activity, measured utilizing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, showed that AgNPs synthesized using irradiated EEP achieved the highest free radical scavenging capacity across all tested concentrations, reaching 94.8 ± 2.67% at 150 µg/mL. The obtained findings suggest that gamma irradiation enhances the reductive and antioxidant properties of propolis, enabling efficient and sustainable green synthesis of AgNPs with potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.