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<p>The antifungal evaluation of a polymer-coated nanoscale zero-valent iron nanocomposite (CS-OM-nZVI) experimented for the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens. The composite was fabricated by integrating chitosan and okra mucilage as natural biopolymers to stabilize and functionalize nZVI. Raman spectroscopy exhibited peaks corresponding to Fe–O, Fe–OH, C–N, and C = O confirmed strong polymer–iron interactions and improved interfacial stability. Antifungal assays demonstrated significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. At 150&#xa0;µg/mL, CS-OM-nZVI achieved 77.1 ± 2.0% and 81.1 ± 2.0% inhibition for <i>A. niger</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i>. A substantial reduction in mycelial biomass was observed at 125&#xa0;µg/mL of CS-OM-nZVI, with <i>A. niger</i> and <i>F. oxysporum</i> showing decreases of 73.1% and 66.7%. Correspondingly, spore germination was markedly suppressed. The nanocomposite also induced significant oxidative stress modulation, reflected by elevated antioxidant enzyme responses and reduced lipid peroxidation. Molecular docking supported these findings by showing strong chitosan–protein interactions with key fungal virulence factors, suggesting potential interference with essential metabolic and pathogenic pathways. Overall, the polymer-functionalized nZVI exhibited superior antifungal efficacy and stability, presenting a sustainable nano based biomolecular approach for controlling soil-borne fungal pathogens.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Combating Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens Using a Potential Nano Zero Valent Iron Nanocomposite Based on Mechanistic Insights into Antifungal Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Krithika Shree Sivasuriyan,
  • S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam,
  • GS Amrish Varshan,
  • R Sowmya

摘要

The antifungal evaluation of a polymer-coated nanoscale zero-valent iron nanocomposite (CS-OM-nZVI) experimented for the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens. The composite was fabricated by integrating chitosan and okra mucilage as natural biopolymers to stabilize and functionalize nZVI. Raman spectroscopy exhibited peaks corresponding to Fe–O, Fe–OH, C–N, and C = O confirmed strong polymer–iron interactions and improved interfacial stability. Antifungal assays demonstrated significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum. At 150 µg/mL, CS-OM-nZVI achieved 77.1 ± 2.0% and 81.1 ± 2.0% inhibition for A. niger and F. oxysporum. A substantial reduction in mycelial biomass was observed at 125 µg/mL of CS-OM-nZVI, with A. niger and F. oxysporum showing decreases of 73.1% and 66.7%. Correspondingly, spore germination was markedly suppressed. The nanocomposite also induced significant oxidative stress modulation, reflected by elevated antioxidant enzyme responses and reduced lipid peroxidation. Molecular docking supported these findings by showing strong chitosan–protein interactions with key fungal virulence factors, suggesting potential interference with essential metabolic and pathogenic pathways. Overall, the polymer-functionalized nZVI exhibited superior antifungal efficacy and stability, presenting a sustainable nano based biomolecular approach for controlling soil-borne fungal pathogens.

Graphical Abstract