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<p>Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising carbon-based nanomaterials with potential applications in biomedical imaging, sensing, and immunomodulation. However, the influence of biologically derived precursors on CQD physicochemical properties and immunological activity remains insufficiently understood. In this study, CQDs were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization using biomass from the pathogenic bacterium <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> alone (AH) or in combination with bacterial cellulose (BC) or citric acid (CA). The resulting nanomaterials were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, excitation–emission fluorescence mapping, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and colloidal analysis. All CQDs exhibited excitation-dependent photoluminescence and predominantly amorphous carbon structures, while precursor composition strongly influenced optical behavior, particle morphology, and colloidal properties. AH–BC-derived CQDs displayed relatively uniform nanoscale structures, whereas AH–CA-derived CQDs showed fluorescence with stronger molecular-state contributions. Biological evaluation using RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that all AH-containing CQD formulations stimulated nitric oxide production and the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in a precursor-dependent manner. Nitric oxide induction was strongest for AH–CA-CQDs, whereas AH–BC-CQDs elicited the highest cytokine response. In contrast, BC- and CA-derived control preparations induced only modest immune activation. Although all treatments remained less stimulatory than lipopolysaccharide, the findings indicate a moderate precursor-dependent immunostimulatory effect.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Transformation of Bacterial Biomass into Immunomodulatory Carbon Quantum Dots

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Waraporn Chamnankit,
  • Ontana Yodnarong,
  • Theeranan Tangthong,
  • Wankuson Chanasit,
  • Monthon Lertworapreecha

摘要

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising carbon-based nanomaterials with potential applications in biomedical imaging, sensing, and immunomodulation. However, the influence of biologically derived precursors on CQD physicochemical properties and immunological activity remains insufficiently understood. In this study, CQDs were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization using biomass from the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila alone (AH) or in combination with bacterial cellulose (BC) or citric acid (CA). The resulting nanomaterials were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, excitation–emission fluorescence mapping, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and colloidal analysis. All CQDs exhibited excitation-dependent photoluminescence and predominantly amorphous carbon structures, while precursor composition strongly influenced optical behavior, particle morphology, and colloidal properties. AH–BC-derived CQDs displayed relatively uniform nanoscale structures, whereas AH–CA-derived CQDs showed fluorescence with stronger molecular-state contributions. Biological evaluation using RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that all AH-containing CQD formulations stimulated nitric oxide production and the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in a precursor-dependent manner. Nitric oxide induction was strongest for AH–CA-CQDs, whereas AH–BC-CQDs elicited the highest cytokine response. In contrast, BC- and CA-derived control preparations induced only modest immune activation. Although all treatments remained less stimulatory than lipopolysaccharide, the findings indicate a moderate precursor-dependent immunostimulatory effect.

Graphical Abstract