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<p>Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder associated with cognitive dysfunction, psychosis, and impaired quality of life. Conventional oral and parenteral antipsychotic therapies often fail to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes due to poor solubility, extensive hepatic metabolism, inadequate brain bioavailability, and dose-related systemic side effects. Nanotechnology-driven formulations—particularly microemulsions and nanoemulsions—have emerged as promising alternatives capable of enhancing drug solubilization, improving permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and enabling non-invasive, targeted delivery to the central nervous system. These nanosystems possess distinct physicochemical and structural properties that facilitate direct nose-to-brain transport, offering rapid onset of action and minimized systemic exposure. Mucoadhesive modifications further enhance nasal residence and absorption efficiency, while flexible formulation designs allow controlled and sustained drug release. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, clinical translation remains limited by formulation complexity, physicochemical instability, high surfactant requirements, and manufacturing challenges. Addressing these bottlenecks through the integration of biocompatible excipients, advanced emulsification technologies, and harmonized regulatory guidelines could accelerate the therapeutic transition of these nanocarriers from experimental platforms to clinically approved treatments for schizophrenia. Future research focusing on hybrid nano–microemulsion platforms, stimuli-responsive delivery systems, and artificial intelligence–assisted formulation optimization may further enhance the clinical translation and therapeutic effectiveness of these nanocarriers in schizophrenia management.</p>

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Microemulsion and Nanoemulsion-Based Nanocarriers for Schizophrenia: Advances, Barriers, and Translational Perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Dhanashree Shailesh Dama,
  • V. S. Mannur,
  • Rahul Koli

摘要

Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder associated with cognitive dysfunction, psychosis, and impaired quality of life. Conventional oral and parenteral antipsychotic therapies often fail to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes due to poor solubility, extensive hepatic metabolism, inadequate brain bioavailability, and dose-related systemic side effects. Nanotechnology-driven formulations—particularly microemulsions and nanoemulsions—have emerged as promising alternatives capable of enhancing drug solubilization, improving permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and enabling non-invasive, targeted delivery to the central nervous system. These nanosystems possess distinct physicochemical and structural properties that facilitate direct nose-to-brain transport, offering rapid onset of action and minimized systemic exposure. Mucoadhesive modifications further enhance nasal residence and absorption efficiency, while flexible formulation designs allow controlled and sustained drug release. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, clinical translation remains limited by formulation complexity, physicochemical instability, high surfactant requirements, and manufacturing challenges. Addressing these bottlenecks through the integration of biocompatible excipients, advanced emulsification technologies, and harmonized regulatory guidelines could accelerate the therapeutic transition of these nanocarriers from experimental platforms to clinically approved treatments for schizophrenia. Future research focusing on hybrid nano–microemulsion platforms, stimuli-responsive delivery systems, and artificial intelligence–assisted formulation optimization may further enhance the clinical translation and therapeutic effectiveness of these nanocarriers in schizophrenia management.