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<p>The development of multifunctional electrochemical glucose sensors with intrinsic antibacterial capability remains a significant challenge due to the limited conductivity of semiconductor oxides and the insufficient catalytic activity and stability of many existing sensing materials. In particular, conventional ZnO-based sensors often suffer from slow charge transfer and poor electrochemical responsiveness, while antibacterial nanomaterials frequently lack simultaneous sensing functionality. To address these limitations, a ternary PANI/ZnO/Pd nanocomposite was designed to integrate the conductive network of polyaniline (PANI), the high-surface-area semiconducting support of ZnO, and the strong electrocatalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles. The nanocomposite was synthesized via a sol–gel route followed by in-situ polymerization and systematically characterized using XRD, FESEM/EDX, AFM, UV–Vis, PL, and FTIR analyses, confirming successful formation of an integrated ternary structure with a rough electroactive interface and narrowed band gap (2.95&#xa0;eV). Electrochemical evaluation demonstrated a pronounced glucose-induced current enhancement with a significant reduction in charge-transfer resistance from ~ 1.5 kΩ to ~ 300–400 Ω. Chronoamperometry revealed rapid and stable responses over 0.1–12 mM glucose with high linearity (R² = 0.9804) and sensitivity (0.11043&#xa0;mA mM⁻¹), together with excellent repeatability (RSD = 0.96%) and good stability over 7 days. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited strong antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 33 ± 0.912&#xa0;mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 24 ± 0.873&#xa0;mm against Escherichia coli. These results demonstrate that the synergistic integration of PANI, ZnO, and Pd enables an efficient multifunctional platform for simultaneous electrochemical glucose sensing and antibacterial applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of PANI/ZnO/Pd Nanocomposite By Sol–gel Method for Electrochemical Glucose Sensing and Antibacterial Activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月20日

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  • Aseel Ehsan Mahmoud,
  • Fouad A. senaed,
  • Ranya Mahmood Mohammed,
  • Ibtihal Talib Najm,
  • Jassim mohammed jabur

摘要

The development of multifunctional electrochemical glucose sensors with intrinsic antibacterial capability remains a significant challenge due to the limited conductivity of semiconductor oxides and the insufficient catalytic activity and stability of many existing sensing materials. In particular, conventional ZnO-based sensors often suffer from slow charge transfer and poor electrochemical responsiveness, while antibacterial nanomaterials frequently lack simultaneous sensing functionality. To address these limitations, a ternary PANI/ZnO/Pd nanocomposite was designed to integrate the conductive network of polyaniline (PANI), the high-surface-area semiconducting support of ZnO, and the strong electrocatalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles. The nanocomposite was synthesized via a sol–gel route followed by in-situ polymerization and systematically characterized using XRD, FESEM/EDX, AFM, UV–Vis, PL, and FTIR analyses, confirming successful formation of an integrated ternary structure with a rough electroactive interface and narrowed band gap (2.95 eV). Electrochemical evaluation demonstrated a pronounced glucose-induced current enhancement with a significant reduction in charge-transfer resistance from ~ 1.5 kΩ to ~ 300–400 Ω. Chronoamperometry revealed rapid and stable responses over 0.1–12 mM glucose with high linearity (R² = 0.9804) and sensitivity (0.11043 mA mM⁻¹), together with excellent repeatability (RSD = 0.96%) and good stability over 7 days. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited strong antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 33 ± 0.912 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 24 ± 0.873 mm against Escherichia coli. These results demonstrate that the synergistic integration of PANI, ZnO, and Pd enables an efficient multifunctional platform for simultaneous electrochemical glucose sensing and antibacterial applications.

Graphical Abstract