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<p>Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles have emerged as versatile and functional nanomaterials with broad biomedical potential encompassing drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies, and biosensing. The present review provides a comprehensive and comparative assessment of their synthesis strategies, physicochemical attributes, biological interactions, and translational prospects. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of particle morphology, surface chemistry, and functionalization on therapeutic efficacy and biocompatibility. Novelty of this work lies in offering an integrated perspective that not only delineates recent advances in Pd- and TiO₂-based nanoplatforms but also critically examines their current market availability, characterization bottlenecks, and translational barriers. Current relevant studies were systematically analyzed to elucidate the relationship between synthesis methodologies (chemical, physical, and green biogenic approaches) and biomedical performance outcomes. The comparative evaluation underscores Pd nanoparticles’ superior catalytic and enzyme-mimetic functionalities, while TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibit exceptional photocatalytic and photoresponsive properties favorable for targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the review highlights challenges related to long-term toxicity, stability, regulatory acceptance, and scalability, proposing future research directions that prioritize standardized characterization and safety profiling. Overall, this updated synthesis provides a refined framework for advancing Pd- and TiO₂-based nanomedicines toward clinical translation and sustainable biomedical commercialization.</p>

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Biomedical and Therapeutic Insights into Titanium Dioxide and Palladium Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Sathiya Nathan S,
  • Kaviyarasi Renu,
  • Anirban Goutam Mukherjee,
  • M. Manivannan,
  • R. Amutha

摘要

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles have emerged as versatile and functional nanomaterials with broad biomedical potential encompassing drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies, and biosensing. The present review provides a comprehensive and comparative assessment of their synthesis strategies, physicochemical attributes, biological interactions, and translational prospects. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of particle morphology, surface chemistry, and functionalization on therapeutic efficacy and biocompatibility. Novelty of this work lies in offering an integrated perspective that not only delineates recent advances in Pd- and TiO₂-based nanoplatforms but also critically examines their current market availability, characterization bottlenecks, and translational barriers. Current relevant studies were systematically analyzed to elucidate the relationship between synthesis methodologies (chemical, physical, and green biogenic approaches) and biomedical performance outcomes. The comparative evaluation underscores Pd nanoparticles’ superior catalytic and enzyme-mimetic functionalities, while TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibit exceptional photocatalytic and photoresponsive properties favorable for targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the review highlights challenges related to long-term toxicity, stability, regulatory acceptance, and scalability, proposing future research directions that prioritize standardized characterization and safety profiling. Overall, this updated synthesis provides a refined framework for advancing Pd- and TiO₂-based nanomedicines toward clinical translation and sustainable biomedical commercialization.