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<p>Electrospinning represents a versatile nanofabrication approach for developing multifunctional materials with high surface area, tunable porosity, and efficient biomolecule entrapment. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous mats encapsulating clove essential oil were fabricated via electrospinning to achieve sustained antioxidant and antimicrobial delivery. PVA, a hydrophilic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer, was selected as the matrix to stabilize clove oil phytochemicals and prevent their volatility and oxidative degradation. Optimized electrospinning parameters (15&#xa0;kV voltage, 1 mL/h flow rate, and 15&#xa0;cm tip-to-collector distance) produced smooth, bead-free, and uniform fibers with homogeneously distributed oil domains. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonding between eugenol-rich clove oil constituents and PVA chains without chemical alteration, while FE-SEM and TEM revealed continuous fibrous morphology and well-encapsulated internal reservoirs. Thermogravimetric and mechanical analyses indicated improved thermal resilience and flexibility (elongation at break ≈ 71%), supporting the mechanical robustness required for biomedical or packaging uses. The release kinetics of clove phytochemicals followed a non-Fickian diffusion model (Korsmeyer–Peppas, <i>n</i> = 0.81), implying a coupled diffusion–polymer relaxation mechanism. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) demonstrated sustained radical scavenging efficiency, while antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae confirmed pronounced bactericidal effects linked to controlled phytochemical release. Cytotoxicity assessment on L929 fibroblasts confirmed excellent biocompatibility (&gt; 90% viability at relevant doses). Collectively, the PVA–clove oil nanofibrous mats integrate structural stability, prolonged bioactivity, and cytocompatibility, underscoring their potential as green nanoplatforms for wound dressing, dental films, and active food-packaging applications.</p>

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Electrospun PVA Nanofibrous Mats Encapsulating Clove Oil for Sustained Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Delivery: Design, Characterization, and Release Kinetics Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Divya Mathew,
  • Sudheep NM,
  • Benny Thomas

摘要

Electrospinning represents a versatile nanofabrication approach for developing multifunctional materials with high surface area, tunable porosity, and efficient biomolecule entrapment. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous mats encapsulating clove essential oil were fabricated via electrospinning to achieve sustained antioxidant and antimicrobial delivery. PVA, a hydrophilic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer, was selected as the matrix to stabilize clove oil phytochemicals and prevent their volatility and oxidative degradation. Optimized electrospinning parameters (15 kV voltage, 1 mL/h flow rate, and 15 cm tip-to-collector distance) produced smooth, bead-free, and uniform fibers with homogeneously distributed oil domains. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonding between eugenol-rich clove oil constituents and PVA chains without chemical alteration, while FE-SEM and TEM revealed continuous fibrous morphology and well-encapsulated internal reservoirs. Thermogravimetric and mechanical analyses indicated improved thermal resilience and flexibility (elongation at break ≈ 71%), supporting the mechanical robustness required for biomedical or packaging uses. The release kinetics of clove phytochemicals followed a non-Fickian diffusion model (Korsmeyer–Peppas, n = 0.81), implying a coupled diffusion–polymer relaxation mechanism. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) demonstrated sustained radical scavenging efficiency, while antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae confirmed pronounced bactericidal effects linked to controlled phytochemical release. Cytotoxicity assessment on L929 fibroblasts confirmed excellent biocompatibility (> 90% viability at relevant doses). Collectively, the PVA–clove oil nanofibrous mats integrate structural stability, prolonged bioactivity, and cytocompatibility, underscoring their potential as green nanoplatforms for wound dressing, dental films, and active food-packaging applications.