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<p>This study aims to eco-synthesize biologically active copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using cow urine (CU) as a reductant to create a novel therapeutic agent by enhancing its inherent bio-properties via nanotechnology. CuNPs were synthesized by reacting 5mM copper sulfate with CU. A Box- Behnken design optimized key process parameters: reductant concentration, reaction pH, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Their antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated via the agar well diffusion assay, while enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacities were assessed through specific scavenging assays (DPPH, NO, and H₂O₂). The synthesized cow urine copper nanoparticles (CU-CuNPs) were confirmed to be crystalline and spherical, exhibiting an average size of 245.81&#xa0;nm, a polydispersity index of 0.389, and a zeta potential of -17.49 mV. Antimicrobial testing revealed strong inhibitory effects, with 26.33 ± 0.57&#xa0;mm inhibition zones against <i>S. epidermidis</i> and 29.33 ± 0.57&#xa0;mm against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Significant inhibition was also noted for <i>E. coli</i> (25.00 ± 1.00&#xa0;mm) and <i>B. subtilis</i> (27.27 ± 1.00&#xa0;mm). Furthermore, CU-CuNPs demonstrated potent enzyme inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, achieving impressive IC₅₀ values of 24.07 ± 0.00&#xa0;µg/mL and 20.13 ± 0.00&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively. Also, their radical scavenging activity was considerably more potent than CU alone. This study successfully demonstrated an innovative and eco-friendly method for synthesizing biologically active CuNPs utilizing CU. The enhanced antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties of these biosynthesized CU-CuNPs highlight their significant potential for developing new therapeutic agents, aligning well with traditional medicine research principles.</p>

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Valorization of Cow Urine Biomass Through Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles: Process Optimization and Enhanced Therapeutic Potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Gauri Pai Angle,
  • Sameer Nadaf,
  • Muniappan Ayyanar,
  • Shailendra Gurav

摘要

This study aims to eco-synthesize biologically active copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using cow urine (CU) as a reductant to create a novel therapeutic agent by enhancing its inherent bio-properties via nanotechnology. CuNPs were synthesized by reacting 5mM copper sulfate with CU. A Box- Behnken design optimized key process parameters: reductant concentration, reaction pH, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Their antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated via the agar well diffusion assay, while enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacities were assessed through specific scavenging assays (DPPH, NO, and H₂O₂). The synthesized cow urine copper nanoparticles (CU-CuNPs) were confirmed to be crystalline and spherical, exhibiting an average size of 245.81 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.389, and a zeta potential of -17.49 mV. Antimicrobial testing revealed strong inhibitory effects, with 26.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition zones against S. epidermidis and 29.33 ± 0.57 mm against P. aeruginosa. Significant inhibition was also noted for E. coli (25.00 ± 1.00 mm) and B. subtilis (27.27 ± 1.00 mm). Furthermore, CU-CuNPs demonstrated potent enzyme inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, achieving impressive IC₅₀ values of 24.07 ± 0.00 µg/mL and 20.13 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively. Also, their radical scavenging activity was considerably more potent than CU alone. This study successfully demonstrated an innovative and eco-friendly method for synthesizing biologically active CuNPs utilizing CU. The enhanced antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties of these biosynthesized CU-CuNPs highlight their significant potential for developing new therapeutic agents, aligning well with traditional medicine research principles.