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<p>Neurological disorders, such as depression, are difficult to manage owing to limited brain drug delivery and suboptimal therapies. This study developed and evaluated lavender oil-based mirtazapine-loaded nanoemulsion for direct nose-to-brain targeting to enhance therapeutic efficiency and reduce systemic side effects. Nanoemulsion were prepared using homogenization-sonication, incorporating lavender oil, Tween-80, Span-80, ethanol, and distilled water. Among all prepared formulations, F4 showed optimal results with a spherical, uniformly distributed nanosized globules having nasal pH compatibility (6.14–6.19), zeta potential of − 10.4 ± 0.9, ideal viscosity, high drug entrapment, and excellent in-vitro (92.78%) and ex-vivo (93.28%) mucosal penetration. Molecular docking confirmed the stable binding of mirtazapine to the dopamine receptor (PDB ID: 6CM4) via multiple hydrophobic and π-interactions. Prepared formulations demonstrated good stability under centrifugation and freeze-thaw conditions. Overall, this study supports lavender oil based mirtazapine nanoemulsion as a promising, non-invasive strategy for central nervous system drug delivery, improving bioavailability while minimizing systemic toxicity.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Lavender Oil-Infused Mirtazapine Nanoemulsion for Direct Nose-to-Brain Targeting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Muhammad Ahsan Waqar,
  • Ansa Ashfaq,
  • Maha Khalid,
  • Rabeel Khan,
  • Shabab Zahra,
  • Aima Subia Alvi,
  • Bisma Arshad

摘要

Neurological disorders, such as depression, are difficult to manage owing to limited brain drug delivery and suboptimal therapies. This study developed and evaluated lavender oil-based mirtazapine-loaded nanoemulsion for direct nose-to-brain targeting to enhance therapeutic efficiency and reduce systemic side effects. Nanoemulsion were prepared using homogenization-sonication, incorporating lavender oil, Tween-80, Span-80, ethanol, and distilled water. Among all prepared formulations, F4 showed optimal results with a spherical, uniformly distributed nanosized globules having nasal pH compatibility (6.14–6.19), zeta potential of − 10.4 ± 0.9, ideal viscosity, high drug entrapment, and excellent in-vitro (92.78%) and ex-vivo (93.28%) mucosal penetration. Molecular docking confirmed the stable binding of mirtazapine to the dopamine receptor (PDB ID: 6CM4) via multiple hydrophobic and π-interactions. Prepared formulations demonstrated good stability under centrifugation and freeze-thaw conditions. Overall, this study supports lavender oil based mirtazapine nanoemulsion as a promising, non-invasive strategy for central nervous system drug delivery, improving bioavailability while minimizing systemic toxicity.

Graphical Abstract