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<p>Due to their specific physicochemical properties, cobalt-based nanomaterials have been largely considered in terms of their biomedical and catalytic usage. This study aimed to synthesize cobalt iodide (CoI₂) nanoplates and assess their biological interactions, such as hepatotoxicity, antioxidant effect, and pharmacokinetics. The chemical reduction method was used to synthesize CoI₂ nanoplates and analyze their morphology, bonding structure, and crystallinity by use of SEM, FTIR, and XRD. It was determined that the mean size of particles was about 2.60&#xa0;nm, and SEM images showed the hexagonal shapes of the particles. The FTIR analysis revealed a clear cobalt iodide bond peak at an approximate of 450&#xa0;cm⁻¹, and XRD analysis indicated high crystallinity and phase purity. Toxicity in vivo was evaluated using two doses of the albino mice, T1: 50 µL and T2: 100 µL of 1&#xa0;mg/mL solution. The liver enzymes were found to increase with dose, with AST level increased to 29.67 ± 2.08 U/L (T2) compared to 14 ± 3.6 U/L (control) and total bilirubin to 1.20 ± 0.05&#xa0;mg/dL (T2) compared to 0.50 ± 0.05&#xa0;mg/dL (control). Histological findings revealed progressive hepatic necrosis, hepatocyte swelling, and sinusoidal dilation, particularly in T2. Interestingly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD) also rose in treated groups, especially in T2, and indicates an adaptive response to oxidative stress. In silico pharmacokinetic modeling indicated high intestinal absorption (100%), poor skin permeability (-3.091 log Kp), small tissue distribution (VDss = -0.125 log L/kg), and few CYP enzyme interactions, with the exception of CYP2C9. Predictions showed low levels of hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity and a high probability of exposure to CNS because of the blood-brain barrier permeability. In conclusion, the cobalt iodide nanoplates have desirable structural and antioxidant properties, yet they cause dose-related hepatotoxicity, which highlights the importance of dose control in any future biomedical use.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Pharmacokinetics Evaluation and Hepatotoxic Effects of Cobalt Iodide Nanoplates on Liver Function in Albino Mice

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Ali Umar,
  • Muhammad Saleem Khan,
  • Muhammad Wajid

摘要

Due to their specific physicochemical properties, cobalt-based nanomaterials have been largely considered in terms of their biomedical and catalytic usage. This study aimed to synthesize cobalt iodide (CoI₂) nanoplates and assess their biological interactions, such as hepatotoxicity, antioxidant effect, and pharmacokinetics. The chemical reduction method was used to synthesize CoI₂ nanoplates and analyze their morphology, bonding structure, and crystallinity by use of SEM, FTIR, and XRD. It was determined that the mean size of particles was about 2.60 nm, and SEM images showed the hexagonal shapes of the particles. The FTIR analysis revealed a clear cobalt iodide bond peak at an approximate of 450 cm⁻¹, and XRD analysis indicated high crystallinity and phase purity. Toxicity in vivo was evaluated using two doses of the albino mice, T1: 50 µL and T2: 100 µL of 1 mg/mL solution. The liver enzymes were found to increase with dose, with AST level increased to 29.67 ± 2.08 U/L (T2) compared to 14 ± 3.6 U/L (control) and total bilirubin to 1.20 ± 0.05 mg/dL (T2) compared to 0.50 ± 0.05 mg/dL (control). Histological findings revealed progressive hepatic necrosis, hepatocyte swelling, and sinusoidal dilation, particularly in T2. Interestingly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD) also rose in treated groups, especially in T2, and indicates an adaptive response to oxidative stress. In silico pharmacokinetic modeling indicated high intestinal absorption (100%), poor skin permeability (-3.091 log Kp), small tissue distribution (VDss = -0.125 log L/kg), and few CYP enzyme interactions, with the exception of CYP2C9. Predictions showed low levels of hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity and a high probability of exposure to CNS because of the blood-brain barrier permeability. In conclusion, the cobalt iodide nanoplates have desirable structural and antioxidant properties, yet they cause dose-related hepatotoxicity, which highlights the importance of dose control in any future biomedical use.

Graphical Abstract