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<p>This research focuses on creating Janus amphiphilic graphene oxide (JAGO) from palm tree residues to enable the self-assembly and sustained release of 4-aminoacetophenone (4-AAP). We synthesized JAGO under varying conditions, including catalyst concentration (ferrocene, F), reaction time, and temperature. Elemental analysis showed that JAGO<sub>2</sub>, prepared at 300&#xa0;°C with 0.1&#xa0;F for 10&#xa0;min, exhibited the highest oxygen content. Both XRD and TGA results confirmed JAGO<sub>2</sub>’s high crystallinity and thermal stability. TEM and SEM analyses visually demonstrated the successful incorporation of ball-shaped 4-AAP within the fluffy sheets of JAGO<sub>2</sub>. The JAGO<sub>2</sub>/4-AAP formulation followed first-order release kinetics with a non-swellable matrix and non-Fickian diffusion, which is an ideal characteristic for water-soluble drugs within porous matrices. Furthermore, this study evaluated the bioactivity of JAGO<sub>2</sub> and/or 4-AAP on breast cancer cell lines. The fluffy sheets of JAGO<sub>2</sub> significantly enhanced the release efficacy of 4-AAP on cancer cell lines across various concentrations. Critically, the combined JAGO<sub>2</sub> plus 4-AAP composite demonstrated higher cytotoxicity in treated breast cancer cells compared to individual treatments, achieving this by activating apoptotic responses and delaying cell division and migration.</p>

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Controlled Release of 4-Aminoacetophenone by Janus Amphiphilic Graphene Oxide Initiates Antitumor Activity and Apoptotic Breast Cancer Cell Death In Vitro

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Hebat-Allah S. Tohamy,
  • Mohamed El-Sakhawy,
  • Samir Kamel,
  • Mona A. M. Abozeid

摘要

This research focuses on creating Janus amphiphilic graphene oxide (JAGO) from palm tree residues to enable the self-assembly and sustained release of 4-aminoacetophenone (4-AAP). We synthesized JAGO under varying conditions, including catalyst concentration (ferrocene, F), reaction time, and temperature. Elemental analysis showed that JAGO2, prepared at 300 °C with 0.1 F for 10 min, exhibited the highest oxygen content. Both XRD and TGA results confirmed JAGO2’s high crystallinity and thermal stability. TEM and SEM analyses visually demonstrated the successful incorporation of ball-shaped 4-AAP within the fluffy sheets of JAGO2. The JAGO2/4-AAP formulation followed first-order release kinetics with a non-swellable matrix and non-Fickian diffusion, which is an ideal characteristic for water-soluble drugs within porous matrices. Furthermore, this study evaluated the bioactivity of JAGO2 and/or 4-AAP on breast cancer cell lines. The fluffy sheets of JAGO2 significantly enhanced the release efficacy of 4-AAP on cancer cell lines across various concentrations. Critically, the combined JAGO2 plus 4-AAP composite demonstrated higher cytotoxicity in treated breast cancer cells compared to individual treatments, achieving this by activating apoptotic responses and delaying cell division and migration.