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<p>Chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles (CS-NPs) are gaining popularity due to their unique physicochemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, minimal toxicity, biodegradability, non-carcinogenicity, and non-immunogenicity. This review aims to summarize the methods used to prepare CS-NPs and their mechanisms of drug release. It also discusses their principles, advantages, and limitations. Many methods exist for creating CS-NPs. Traditional approaches include ionic gelation, coacervation, emulsification, and nanoprecipitation. More recent techniques, such as microfluidic mixing, flash nanoprecipitation, membrane emulsification, electrospraying, and spinning-disc processing, enable better control and facilitate easier scaling-up. The shift toward advanced methods provides precise control over particle size, scalability, and reproducibility, thereby enhancing processing efficiency and influencing drug loading and release. Once formulated, CS-NPs release their cargo through mechanisms like simple diffusion through the polymer, swelling of the CS matrix, or gradual erosion/degradation of the matrix. Future research should focus on optimizing preparation techniques to produce nanoparticles with tailored properties for specific applications consistently. “Smart” CS-NPs combine CS with other molecules to enable on-demand drug release (e.g., in response to temperature, pH, or enzymes). Despite these advancements, challenges remain. Current production methods can be challenging to scale up; dropwise addition is impractical for large batches, and parameters such as mixing speed or solvent choice significantly impact the outcomes. Future work should aim to improve manufacturing processes (e.g., utilizing continuous microfluidic or high-shear techniques), enhance stability (to prevent aggregation and extend shelf life), and better understand safety (ensuring minimal toxicity and immune reactions). Incorporating new ideas, such as machine-learning-driven formulation or more sustainable processing methods (green solvents, milder crosslinking), will be important.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Comparative Analysis of Synthesis Techniques and Controlled Release Mechanisms for Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Aqib Mehmood,
  • Sana Javaid,
  • Shafi Ur Rehman,
  • Naveed Ahmed,
  • Sumayya Kanwal,
  • Irum Fatima,
  • Iqra Rani

摘要

Chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles (CS-NPs) are gaining popularity due to their unique physicochemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, minimal toxicity, biodegradability, non-carcinogenicity, and non-immunogenicity. This review aims to summarize the methods used to prepare CS-NPs and their mechanisms of drug release. It also discusses their principles, advantages, and limitations. Many methods exist for creating CS-NPs. Traditional approaches include ionic gelation, coacervation, emulsification, and nanoprecipitation. More recent techniques, such as microfluidic mixing, flash nanoprecipitation, membrane emulsification, electrospraying, and spinning-disc processing, enable better control and facilitate easier scaling-up. The shift toward advanced methods provides precise control over particle size, scalability, and reproducibility, thereby enhancing processing efficiency and influencing drug loading and release. Once formulated, CS-NPs release their cargo through mechanisms like simple diffusion through the polymer, swelling of the CS matrix, or gradual erosion/degradation of the matrix. Future research should focus on optimizing preparation techniques to produce nanoparticles with tailored properties for specific applications consistently. “Smart” CS-NPs combine CS with other molecules to enable on-demand drug release (e.g., in response to temperature, pH, or enzymes). Despite these advancements, challenges remain. Current production methods can be challenging to scale up; dropwise addition is impractical for large batches, and parameters such as mixing speed or solvent choice significantly impact the outcomes. Future work should aim to improve manufacturing processes (e.g., utilizing continuous microfluidic or high-shear techniques), enhance stability (to prevent aggregation and extend shelf life), and better understand safety (ensuring minimal toxicity and immune reactions). Incorporating new ideas, such as machine-learning-driven formulation or more sustainable processing methods (green solvents, milder crosslinking), will be important.

Graphical Abstract