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<p>A nanoemulsion incorporating ethanolic extract from neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i> A. Juss) cells and citronella (<i>Cymbopogon nardus</i> L.) essential oil was developed and characterized, with emphasis on physicochemical stability during storage. The nanoemulsion was produced by a two-step process comprising rotor–stator pre-emulsification and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), using a face-centered central composite design to select oil phase (OP), hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), surfactant mixture (SM), and HPH conditions. The final formulation contained 6% OP, 1% SM, and HLB 10, processed at 300&#xa0;bar, resulting in particle size Φ = 199.8 ± 3.0&#xa0;nm, zeta potential ζ = −13.9 ± 0.7 mV, viscosity µ = 1.42 ± 0.18 cP, and polydispersity index PDI = 0.16 ± 0.02, confirming a monodisperse system. During 90 days of storage, Φ showed no significant changes (Kruskal–Wallis, <i>p</i> = 0.59), and ζ exhibited only a transient decrease at 60 days (<i>p</i> = 0.0014), indicating overall colloidal stability. Azadirachtin (AZA) content was evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA, revealing significant effects of temperature (<i>p</i> = 0.0019) and time (<i>p</i> = 0.0132). After 14 days, 48.4% of AZA was retained at 54&#xa0;°C, suggesting that nanoemulsification slowed thermal degradation compared to previously reported neem extracts. The absence of significant differences between 5&#xa0;°C and 25&#xa0;°C indicates that refrigeration is unnecessary, offering a logistical advantage for storage and transport. These results support neem–citronella nanoemulsions as promising, physically stable formulations for sustainable pest management and as a basis for future bioactivity and field performance studies.</p>

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Physicochemical Characterization and Storage Stability of Neem-Cell Extract–Citronella Nanoemulsions Produced by Two-Step Homogenization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Duván Enrique Dueñas-López,
  • Misael Cortés-Rodríguez,
  • Fernando Orozco-Sánchez

摘要

A nanoemulsion incorporating ethanolic extract from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cells and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) essential oil was developed and characterized, with emphasis on physicochemical stability during storage. The nanoemulsion was produced by a two-step process comprising rotor–stator pre-emulsification and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), using a face-centered central composite design to select oil phase (OP), hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), surfactant mixture (SM), and HPH conditions. The final formulation contained 6% OP, 1% SM, and HLB 10, processed at 300 bar, resulting in particle size Φ = 199.8 ± 3.0 nm, zeta potential ζ = −13.9 ± 0.7 mV, viscosity µ = 1.42 ± 0.18 cP, and polydispersity index PDI = 0.16 ± 0.02, confirming a monodisperse system. During 90 days of storage, Φ showed no significant changes (Kruskal–Wallis, p = 0.59), and ζ exhibited only a transient decrease at 60 days (p = 0.0014), indicating overall colloidal stability. Azadirachtin (AZA) content was evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA, revealing significant effects of temperature (p = 0.0019) and time (p = 0.0132). After 14 days, 48.4% of AZA was retained at 54 °C, suggesting that nanoemulsification slowed thermal degradation compared to previously reported neem extracts. The absence of significant differences between 5 °C and 25 °C indicates that refrigeration is unnecessary, offering a logistical advantage for storage and transport. These results support neem–citronella nanoemulsions as promising, physically stable formulations for sustainable pest management and as a basis for future bioactivity and field performance studies.