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<p>Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global crisis, creating an urgent need for alternative antimicrobials. In this study, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via co-precipitation and solvothermal routes and calcined at 100&#xa0;°C, 200&#xa0;°C, and 300&#xa0;°C to evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy. Structural characterization confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite CdS phase with crystallite size ranging from 11.9 to 41.3&#xa0;nm. We tested the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>, ATCC 25322) and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (<i>B. cereus</i>, ATCC 14579). Disk diffusion assays showed no inhibition for co-precipitated samples (BA1–BA3). In contrast, solvothermally synthesized NPs (BA4–BA6) exhibited strong activity, with inhibition zones up to 28&#xa0;mm against <i>E. coli</i> and 33&#xa0;mm against <i>B. cereus</i> at 10&#xa0;µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged 100–800&#xa0;µg/mL (BA6: MIC = 100&#xa0;µg/mL, MBC = 200&#xa0;µg/mL against both strains). In antibiofilm assays, BA4–BA6 markedly suppressed biofilm formation, with BA5 and BA6 most effective. Overall, solvothermal CdS NPs showed ~ 100% higher antibacterial efficacy than co-precipitated NPs. These findings demonstrate that synthesis method and calcination critically influence CdS NP performance, positioning solvothermal CdS NPs as promising safe and efficient antimicrobial agents for biomedical applications.</p>

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Enhanced Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of CdS Nanoparticles Synthesized Via Solvothermal and Co-precipitation Routes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Sleman Yousif Omar,
  • Mustafa Ersin Pekdemir,
  • Asmaa Sayed Ahmed,
  • Karukh Ali Babakr,
  • Chawan Hazhar Razaq,
  • Kochar Khasro Saleh,
  • Rebin Arsalan Hamad,
  • Sibel Selçuk Pekdemir,
  • Ibrahim Nazem Qader,
  • Bala Talib Ali

摘要

Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global crisis, creating an urgent need for alternative antimicrobials. In this study, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via co-precipitation and solvothermal routes and calcined at 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C to evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy. Structural characterization confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite CdS phase with crystallite size ranging from 11.9 to 41.3 nm. We tested the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25322) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus, ATCC 14579). Disk diffusion assays showed no inhibition for co-precipitated samples (BA1–BA3). In contrast, solvothermally synthesized NPs (BA4–BA6) exhibited strong activity, with inhibition zones up to 28 mm against E. coli and 33 mm against B. cereus at 10 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged 100–800 µg/mL (BA6: MIC = 100 µg/mL, MBC = 200 µg/mL against both strains). In antibiofilm assays, BA4–BA6 markedly suppressed biofilm formation, with BA5 and BA6 most effective. Overall, solvothermal CdS NPs showed ~ 100% higher antibacterial efficacy than co-precipitated NPs. These findings demonstrate that synthesis method and calcination critically influence CdS NP performance, positioning solvothermal CdS NPs as promising safe and efficient antimicrobial agents for biomedical applications.