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<p>Use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in biomedical applications has increased due to their small size, surface to volume ratio, and tunable optical and electronic properties, along with their compatibility with various ligands such as antigens, peptides and antibiotics. Use of gold nanorods (GNRs) have gained prominence in cancer theranostics in the field of photothermal therapy, owing to their unique ability to enhance permeability and retention (EPR) in tumor tissues. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is a cationic surfactant vital for synthesis of gold nanorods. Our study aims to understand the CTAB-GNR induced immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in splenic macrophages isolated from Swiss albino mice. As primary components of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role in detecting and responding to inflammatory stimuli. Their ability to switch between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes highlights their plasticity and responsiveness to microenvironmental cues. Our study assessed cytotoxicity and cell viability by MTT assay, uptake of GNRs through ICP-MS and SEM-EDS, oxidative and nitrosative stress, myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine expressions and degree of DNA fragmentation. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of cell death signaling markers provided molecular insights into necroptotic and apoptotic pathways. The findings revealed that CTAB, even in low concentration, is able to induce immunogenicity in splenic macrophages. Understanding CTAB-GNR induced immunogenicity remains highly relevant as GNRs are in continual use in clinical applications and cancer therapy. This study on interaction of macrophages and GNRs is essential in minimizing their systemic toxicity while enhancing therapeutic efficacy.</p>

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Gold Nanorod-Immune Crosstalk: Upregulation of Inflammatory Signaling in Macrophages Through ROS/RNS Pathway Activation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Nabanita Maity,
  • Santu Ghosh,
  • Malaya Ghosh,
  • Nikhil R. Jana,
  • Sarbani Giri,
  • Mahuya Sengupta

摘要

Use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in biomedical applications has increased due to their small size, surface to volume ratio, and tunable optical and electronic properties, along with their compatibility with various ligands such as antigens, peptides and antibiotics. Use of gold nanorods (GNRs) have gained prominence in cancer theranostics in the field of photothermal therapy, owing to their unique ability to enhance permeability and retention (EPR) in tumor tissues. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is a cationic surfactant vital for synthesis of gold nanorods. Our study aims to understand the CTAB-GNR induced immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in splenic macrophages isolated from Swiss albino mice. As primary components of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role in detecting and responding to inflammatory stimuli. Their ability to switch between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes highlights their plasticity and responsiveness to microenvironmental cues. Our study assessed cytotoxicity and cell viability by MTT assay, uptake of GNRs through ICP-MS and SEM-EDS, oxidative and nitrosative stress, myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine expressions and degree of DNA fragmentation. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of cell death signaling markers provided molecular insights into necroptotic and apoptotic pathways. The findings revealed that CTAB, even in low concentration, is able to induce immunogenicity in splenic macrophages. Understanding CTAB-GNR induced immunogenicity remains highly relevant as GNRs are in continual use in clinical applications and cancer therapy. This study on interaction of macrophages and GNRs is essential in minimizing their systemic toxicity while enhancing therapeutic efficacy.