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<p>Mosquitoes transmit several major diseases, and although chemical insecticides are widely used, their prolonged use has led to environmental hazards, health risks, and the development of resistance. As an eco-friendly alternative, bacterial mosquito larvicides like <i>Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt</i>) have gained prominence due to their specificity and environmental safety. Field efficacy of entomopathogens is often limited by environmental degradation and inadequate formulation technologies. This study explores the development and characterization of nanofiber-encapsulated <i>Bt</i> strain VCRC B668, selected for its high efficacy, broad-spectrum toxicity against major mosquito vectors, and favourable safety profile. The bacterium was studied at the molecular level for identification using 16S rRNA, <i>ilvD</i>, and <i>pycA</i>-based phylogeny, along with toxin gene profiling targeting <i>cry</i> and <i>cyt</i> genes. Nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning to enhance the stability of <i>Bt</i> toxins, allow controlled release, and improve field persistence, thereby increasing formulation efficacy. Nanofiber encapsulation was optimized using a biodegradable polymer combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The nanofiber-encapsulated bacteria maintained their mosquito larvicidal activity and ensured prolonged efficacy. The successful encapsulation and stability of the nanofibers were confirmed using SEM, Zeta potential, and FTIR analyses. Additionally, bioassays on non-target aquatic organisms demonstrated no adverse effects, highlighting the environmental safety. The nanofiber matrix improved the storage stability protecting bacterial spores from environmental stressors. This study underscores the potential of nanofiber-encapsulated <i>Bt</i> VCRC B668 as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to mosquito control strategy, offering enhanced stability.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Nanoencapsulation of Mosquitocidal Bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain VCRC B668: Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Jibi Lukose,
  • Sahadiya Mandodan,
  • V. Abhisubesh,
  • Kakhuangailiu Gangmei,
  • Bhagyashree Bora,
  • Aneha Kunnikuruvan,
  • P. Hemaladkshmi,
  • A. Mathivanan,
  • I. Geetha,
  • N. Chandrasekaran,
  • R. Paramasivan

摘要

Mosquitoes transmit several major diseases, and although chemical insecticides are widely used, their prolonged use has led to environmental hazards, health risks, and the development of resistance. As an eco-friendly alternative, bacterial mosquito larvicides like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have gained prominence due to their specificity and environmental safety. Field efficacy of entomopathogens is often limited by environmental degradation and inadequate formulation technologies. This study explores the development and characterization of nanofiber-encapsulated Bt strain VCRC B668, selected for its high efficacy, broad-spectrum toxicity against major mosquito vectors, and favourable safety profile. The bacterium was studied at the molecular level for identification using 16S rRNA, ilvD, and pycA-based phylogeny, along with toxin gene profiling targeting cry and cyt genes. Nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning to enhance the stability of Bt toxins, allow controlled release, and improve field persistence, thereby increasing formulation efficacy. Nanofiber encapsulation was optimized using a biodegradable polymer combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The nanofiber-encapsulated bacteria maintained their mosquito larvicidal activity and ensured prolonged efficacy. The successful encapsulation and stability of the nanofibers were confirmed using SEM, Zeta potential, and FTIR analyses. Additionally, bioassays on non-target aquatic organisms demonstrated no adverse effects, highlighting the environmental safety. The nanofiber matrix improved the storage stability protecting bacterial spores from environmental stressors. This study underscores the potential of nanofiber-encapsulated Bt VCRC B668 as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to mosquito control strategy, offering enhanced stability.

Graphical Abstract