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<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been strongly proposed for their potential in biomedical applications owing to their superparamagnetic properties and reliable traceability. However, their stability, crystallinity, size, and biocompatibility influence their efficacy and safety. This study explored and compared the physicochemical characteristics, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility of IONPs synthesized by solvothermal (ST), hydrothermal (HT), microwave (MW), and biological (BL) methods to assess their potential medical applications. Stable colloidal suspensions were obtained using triethylene glycol (TREG), which served as both a solvent and a reducing and capping agent for all methods. The nanoparticles have been shown to have an optimum size distribution of less than 20&#xa0;nm and exhibit superparamagnetic properties. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that IONPs synthesized by BL demonstrated the lowest impact on the viability of Caco-2 cells among the tested samples. Instead, a significant LDH release and increased caspase-3 activity were indicated by the ST-synthesized IONPs. In addition, the impact on oxidative stress was pronounced for BL nanoparticles, suggesting an activation of the cellular antioxidant defense system. The intracellular internalization of all nanoparticles was analyzed using confocal microscopy, showing substantial intracellular aggregation for ST and MW. This study emphasizes the promise of green synthesis techniques for developing safer and more effective IONPs for biomedical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comparative Analysis of Biogenic and Chemically Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Interaction with Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Călina Ciont,
  • Amalia Mesaroș,
  • Roxana Pop,
  • Lucian Barbu-Tudoran,
  • Rareș Bortnic,
  • Dumitriţa Rugină,
  • Alexandru-Flaviu Tăbăran,
  • Zorița Maria Diaconeasa,
  • Ramona Suharoschi,
  • Oana Lelia Pop,
  • Dan Cristian Vodnar

摘要

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been strongly proposed for their potential in biomedical applications owing to their superparamagnetic properties and reliable traceability. However, their stability, crystallinity, size, and biocompatibility influence their efficacy and safety. This study explored and compared the physicochemical characteristics, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility of IONPs synthesized by solvothermal (ST), hydrothermal (HT), microwave (MW), and biological (BL) methods to assess their potential medical applications. Stable colloidal suspensions were obtained using triethylene glycol (TREG), which served as both a solvent and a reducing and capping agent for all methods. The nanoparticles have been shown to have an optimum size distribution of less than 20 nm and exhibit superparamagnetic properties. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that IONPs synthesized by BL demonstrated the lowest impact on the viability of Caco-2 cells among the tested samples. Instead, a significant LDH release and increased caspase-3 activity were indicated by the ST-synthesized IONPs. In addition, the impact on oxidative stress was pronounced for BL nanoparticles, suggesting an activation of the cellular antioxidant defense system. The intracellular internalization of all nanoparticles was analyzed using confocal microscopy, showing substantial intracellular aggregation for ST and MW. This study emphasizes the promise of green synthesis techniques for developing safer and more effective IONPs for biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract