<p>The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a global roadmap for addressing interconnected challenges of food security, health, clean water, renewable energy, climate action, and environmental sustainability. Nanotechnology, with its nanoscale properties, high surface reactivity, and tunable functionalities, has emerged as a cross-cutting enabler for accelerating progress toward these targets. This review critically examines the integration of nanomaterials into diverse sectors linked to the SDGs. In agriculture, nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and smart nano-sensors promote precision farming, enhance productivity, and reduce ecological footprints. In healthcare, nanomedicines, nano-diagnostics, and nano-enabled vaccines strengthen global health resilience by improving prevention, detection, and treatment. Water security is advanced through graphene-based membranes, hybrid photocatalysts, nanocomposites, and MOFs for purification and wastewater treatment. Energy sustainability benefits from nanotechnology-enabled quantum dots, perovskite solar cells, MOFs for hydrogen storage, MXenes, and graphene-based supercapacitors. In climate action and environmental protection, carbon capture using MOFs, COFs, and nanostructured zeolites, alongside bio-nano-remediation and biodegradable nanomaterials, highlights their role in restoring ecosystems and biodiversity. The review also evaluates ethical concerns, regulatory frameworks, and commercialization challenges, emphasizing scale-up, reproducibility, and standardized toxicity testing. By aligning nanotechnology innovations with global frameworks such as the Paris Agreement and WHO health goals, this study provides a forward-looking agenda that underscores biodegradable nanomaterials, lifecycle assessments, and equitable global access as essential pathways. Ultimately, nanotechnology represents a transformative tool for advancing global sustainability through integrated, safe, and scalable solutions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>