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<p>Titanium dioxide nanopa rticles (TiO₂ NPs) have the potential to become promising nanomaterials due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, especially when produced through sustainable, plant-based methods. The present study aims to synthesise titanium dioxide nanoparticles using gallic acid (GA-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) by a green synthesis method and characterised by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface plasmon resonance of the produced solution indicates the formation of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (310&#xa0;nm), as confirmed by UV analysis. The FE-SEM showed spherical TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs with a diameter of 25–52.67&#xa0;nm. XRD analysis examined TiO<sub>2</sub> NP crystallinity, revealing peaks at 2θ values of 25.25°, 37.92°, 42.57°, 48.20°, 54.04°, and 62°, corresponding to planes (101), (004), (111), (200), (211), and (204). The particles are in the average crystallite size range of 52.22&#xa0;nm. Green-synthesised TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition of 25&#xa0;mm and 24&#xa0;mm against Gram-positive bacteria <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>C. albicans</i>, respectively. In comparison, the activity against Gram-negative bacteria <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> was 29.5&#xa0;mm, 26&#xa0;mm, and 20&#xa0;mm, respectively. Furthermore, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay had the maximum inhibition at 150&#xa0;μg/mL, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 81.23&#xa0;μg/mL and a highest inhibition percentage of 93.16%. The ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) test demonstrated the most potent inhibition at the same dose, with an inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) value of 141.79&#xa0;μg/mL and a 73.12%. Additionally, TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibited significant growth inhibition against cervical cancer (HeLa) cells (IC<sub>50</sub> = 47.30&#xa0;μg/mL), over a 24-h period. Overall, our work shows that green-produced TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.</p>

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Eco-friendly Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Utilising Gallic Acid: Structural Characterisation, Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant Assay, and Cytotoxicity of HeLa Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Yuan Seng Wu,
  • Arunagiri Ragu Prasath,
  • Magesh Mohan,
  • Sudharsan Peroumal,
  • Gokul Raj Gopinath,
  • Deepika Devaraj,
  • Chinnasamy Ragavendran

摘要

Titanium dioxide nanopa rticles (TiO₂ NPs) have the potential to become promising nanomaterials due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, especially when produced through sustainable, plant-based methods. The present study aims to synthesise titanium dioxide nanoparticles using gallic acid (GA-TiO2 NPs) by a green synthesis method and characterised by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface plasmon resonance of the produced solution indicates the formation of TiO2 NPs (310 nm), as confirmed by UV analysis. The FE-SEM showed spherical TiO2 NPs with a diameter of 25–52.67 nm. XRD analysis examined TiO2 NP crystallinity, revealing peaks at 2θ values of 25.25°, 37.92°, 42.57°, 48.20°, 54.04°, and 62°, corresponding to planes (101), (004), (111), (200), (211), and (204). The particles are in the average crystallite size range of 52.22 nm. Green-synthesised TiO2 NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition of 25 mm and 24 mm against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. In comparison, the activity against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa was 29.5 mm, 26 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay had the maximum inhibition at 150 μg/mL, with an IC50 value of 81.23 μg/mL and a highest inhibition percentage of 93.16%. The ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) test demonstrated the most potent inhibition at the same dose, with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 141.79 μg/mL and a 73.12%. Additionally, TiO2 NPs exhibited significant growth inhibition against cervical cancer (HeLa) cells (IC50 = 47.30 μg/mL), over a 24-h period. Overall, our work shows that green-produced TiO2 NPs have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.