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<p><i>S</i><i>pirogyra</i> is a filamentous freshwater green alga and synthesizes bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it an important pharmaceutical and bioremediation resource. These biologically active substances act as natural reducing substances. The aim of this study was to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using <i>Spirogyra</i> sp. R-1 extract through an eco-friendly process, and their biological activities were comprehensively compared with those of the extract itself. Using advanced characterization techniques and bioassays, UV–vis analysis revealed an SPR band at 671&#xa0;nm, FTIR identified stabilizing functional groups, and XRD demonstrated a crystallite size of 29&#xa0;nm. SEM–EDX confirmed the crystalline spherical structure and chemical composition of CuONPs (Cu 31.7%, O<sub>2</sub> 39.1%), contrasting with the extract’s fibrous, rod-like morphology (C 44.7%, O<sub>2</sub> 31.8%). Key findings revealed that the CuONPs demonstrated superior biological activities compared to <i>Spirogyra</i> extract. Antioxidant assays revealed a maximum activity of 69.63% at 200&#xa0;µg/mL (IC<sub>50</sub> 115.22&#xa0;µg/mL) for CuONPs, surpassing the 50.64% (IC<sub>50</sub> 174.69&#xa0;µg/mL) activity of the extract and brine shrimp lethality tests with maximum 80% activity (LC<sub>50</sub> value, 4.17&#xa0;µg/mL), while maximum extract activity was 65%. CuONPs showed antimicrobial efficacy through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests with Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> (MIC 50&#xa0;µg/mL), along with increased antifungal activity against <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> and <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> (MIC 50&#xa0;µg/mL), exhibiting their potential in biomedical applications. Phyco-synthesized CuONPs were non-hemolytic at concentrations lower than 150&#xa0;µg/mL with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 132.8&#xa0;µg/mL (maximum hemolysis 4.93%). In comparison, <i>Spirogyra</i> extract has the maximum hemolysis of 12% with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 1092.78&#xa0;µg/mL. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies, including MTT assay (maximum 75.39% inhibition) with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 13.97 μM, demonstrated that CuONPs had stronger anticancer effects on PC3 cell lines with lower IC<sub>50</sub> values and higher mortality rates. These results demonstrate the potential of CuONPs in the field of therapeutic applications.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) from Spirogyra sp. R-1: A Comparative Study on Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Properties for Biomedical Advancements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月27日

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  • Rifat Bashir,
  • Muhammad Muzamil Sattar,
  • Amber Jabeen,
  • Muhammad Kaleem,
  • Lubna Anjum Minhas,
  • Nosheen Jabbar,
  • Taswar Nadeem,
  • Abdul Samad Mumtaz

摘要

Spirogyra is a filamentous freshwater green alga and synthesizes bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it an important pharmaceutical and bioremediation resource. These biologically active substances act as natural reducing substances. The aim of this study was to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Spirogyra sp. R-1 extract through an eco-friendly process, and their biological activities were comprehensively compared with those of the extract itself. Using advanced characterization techniques and bioassays, UV–vis analysis revealed an SPR band at 671 nm, FTIR identified stabilizing functional groups, and XRD demonstrated a crystallite size of 29 nm. SEM–EDX confirmed the crystalline spherical structure and chemical composition of CuONPs (Cu 31.7%, O2 39.1%), contrasting with the extract’s fibrous, rod-like morphology (C 44.7%, O2 31.8%). Key findings revealed that the CuONPs demonstrated superior biological activities compared to Spirogyra extract. Antioxidant assays revealed a maximum activity of 69.63% at 200 µg/mL (IC50 115.22 µg/mL) for CuONPs, surpassing the 50.64% (IC50 174.69 µg/mL) activity of the extract and brine shrimp lethality tests with maximum 80% activity (LC50 value, 4.17 µg/mL), while maximum extract activity was 65%. CuONPs showed antimicrobial efficacy through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests with Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MIC 50 µg/mL), along with increased antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus (MIC 50 µg/mL), exhibiting their potential in biomedical applications. Phyco-synthesized CuONPs were non-hemolytic at concentrations lower than 150 µg/mL with an IC50 value of 132.8 µg/mL (maximum hemolysis 4.93%). In comparison, Spirogyra extract has the maximum hemolysis of 12% with an IC50 value of 1092.78 µg/mL. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies, including MTT assay (maximum 75.39% inhibition) with an IC50 value of 13.97 μM, demonstrated that CuONPs had stronger anticancer effects on PC3 cell lines with lower IC50 values and higher mortality rates. These results demonstrate the potential of CuONPs in the field of therapeutic applications.