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<p>Cancer management remains a formidable global challenge confounded by factors like late-stage diagnosis, treatment limitations causing debility/mortality and excessive systemic toxicities of chemotherapeutic regimens. The urgent, unmet need is the development of sensitive diagnostic tools that can risk-stratify patients early and versatile precision therapies that selectively destroy developing tumors, prevent a recurrence, and importantly limit side effects. Nanomedicine has shown tremendous promise to address current cancer care limitations through the crafting of “smart multifunctional systems” capable of overcoming biological barriers and performing coordinated, site-specific tasks like long-circulating targeted drug transport, sustained localized release, non-invasive deep tissue imaging, and external remote activation. SPIONs have gained research prominence as cancer nano theranostics owing to their magnetic manoeuvrability, heat inducibility, contrast enhancement, high drug loading ability, and chemical stability. This empowers precise SPION tumor accumulation via applying external magnetic field gradients and sensitive detection by MRI. Surface engineering with targeting ligands and heat/drug-activating groups augment further selectivity, cellular capture, and activated toxicity in cancerous cells overexpressing signature receptors. Modern bioinspired techniques for designing SPION formulations that leverage synergies between modalities like magnetic hyperthermia, chemotherapy, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and thrombolysis, were discussed. Biologically compatible polymer encapsulation approaches that enhance colloidal stability, programmed drug release, and combinatorial therapeutic effects paving clinical translation are highlighted. Additionally, we address critical challenges around production scale-up, pharmacokinetic variability, toxicity concerns, and relevant regulatory perspectives influencing the transition of these multifunctional next-generation nanotheranostic SPION platforms from the laboratory toward targeted elimination of tumor reoccurrence in cancer patients within the next decade.</p>

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Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Targeted Platforms for Cancer Detection and Combination Therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月27日

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  • Adawiya J. Haider,
  • Sharafaldin Al-Musawi,
  • Raad Shaker Alnayli,
  • Rusul Al-Obaidy,
  • Ali J. Addie,
  • Sara F. Abbas,
  • Baker Ahmed Taha,
  • Farah Shamil Abdulwahid,
  • Mohammed S. Al-Hindawi,
  • Faisal J. Kadhim,
  • Ali A. Al-Muntaser,
  • Hussein Majeed Salih,
  • Chafic Salame,
  • Ali Hussein F. Alnasraui,
  • Mohsen Sheykhhasan

摘要

Cancer management remains a formidable global challenge confounded by factors like late-stage diagnosis, treatment limitations causing debility/mortality and excessive systemic toxicities of chemotherapeutic regimens. The urgent, unmet need is the development of sensitive diagnostic tools that can risk-stratify patients early and versatile precision therapies that selectively destroy developing tumors, prevent a recurrence, and importantly limit side effects. Nanomedicine has shown tremendous promise to address current cancer care limitations through the crafting of “smart multifunctional systems” capable of overcoming biological barriers and performing coordinated, site-specific tasks like long-circulating targeted drug transport, sustained localized release, non-invasive deep tissue imaging, and external remote activation. SPIONs have gained research prominence as cancer nano theranostics owing to their magnetic manoeuvrability, heat inducibility, contrast enhancement, high drug loading ability, and chemical stability. This empowers precise SPION tumor accumulation via applying external magnetic field gradients and sensitive detection by MRI. Surface engineering with targeting ligands and heat/drug-activating groups augment further selectivity, cellular capture, and activated toxicity in cancerous cells overexpressing signature receptors. Modern bioinspired techniques for designing SPION formulations that leverage synergies between modalities like magnetic hyperthermia, chemotherapy, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and thrombolysis, were discussed. Biologically compatible polymer encapsulation approaches that enhance colloidal stability, programmed drug release, and combinatorial therapeutic effects paving clinical translation are highlighted. Additionally, we address critical challenges around production scale-up, pharmacokinetic variability, toxicity concerns, and relevant regulatory perspectives influencing the transition of these multifunctional next-generation nanotheranostic SPION platforms from the laboratory toward targeted elimination of tumor reoccurrence in cancer patients within the next decade.