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<p>The synthesis of high-performance nanomaterials from agricultural waste is a challenge in green nanotechnology. This study presents the first synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) from groundnut oil cake (GOC) and <i>Medicago sativa</i> (<i>MS</i>), establishing an eco-friendly platform for biomedical applications. Using a hydrothermal method, we synthesized ultra-small (4.17&#xa0;nm), monodispersed, hydrophilic GQDs, verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the synthesized GQDs show distinctive peaks at 257&#xa0;nm for GQD-GOC and 260&#xa0;nm for GQD-MS, which correspond to π → π* electronic transitions. At 484 and 460&#xa0;nm, respectively, these GQDs show emission maxima for excitation-independent photoluminescence (PL). Their well-defined crystalline structure and successful surface functionalization are confirmed by thorough structural and chemical characterizations employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Biological evaluations show excellent biocompatibility, with a 100&#xa0;% survival rate of <i>Artemia</i> nauplii at 24&#xa0;h, and GQD-MS maintaining full viability at 48&#xa0;h. GQD-MS demonstrates enhanced antioxidant (IC<sub>50</sub> 25.51&#xa0;µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC<sub>50</sub> 20.135&#xa0;µg/mL) activities, exceeding those of conventional materials. Cytotoxicity assays indicate over 85&#xa0;% cancer cell viability across a concentration range (50–450&#xa0;µg/mL), highlighting their safety and therapeutic potential. This research pioneers a cost-effective strategy for converting agro-industrial waste into functional GQDs, positioning them as promising candidates for drug delivery, bioimaging, and nanotherapeutics. Our findings facilitate sustainable advancements in green nanomedicine by integrating waste management with biomedical technologies.</p>

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A Sustainable Green Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots Using Groundnut and Medicago sativa Oil Cakes for Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月19日

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  • Godwin Daniel Thomas Raj S,
  • J. Judith Vijaya,
  • Jerald Fermi J

摘要

The synthesis of high-performance nanomaterials from agricultural waste is a challenge in green nanotechnology. This study presents the first synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) from groundnut oil cake (GOC) and Medicago sativa (MS), establishing an eco-friendly platform for biomedical applications. Using a hydrothermal method, we synthesized ultra-small (4.17 nm), monodispersed, hydrophilic GQDs, verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the synthesized GQDs show distinctive peaks at 257 nm for GQD-GOC and 260 nm for GQD-MS, which correspond to π → π* electronic transitions. At 484 and 460 nm, respectively, these GQDs show emission maxima for excitation-independent photoluminescence (PL). Their well-defined crystalline structure and successful surface functionalization are confirmed by thorough structural and chemical characterizations employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Biological evaluations show excellent biocompatibility, with a 100 % survival rate of Artemia nauplii at 24 h, and GQD-MS maintaining full viability at 48 h. GQD-MS demonstrates enhanced antioxidant (IC50 25.51 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 20.135 µg/mL) activities, exceeding those of conventional materials. Cytotoxicity assays indicate over 85 % cancer cell viability across a concentration range (50–450 µg/mL), highlighting their safety and therapeutic potential. This research pioneers a cost-effective strategy for converting agro-industrial waste into functional GQDs, positioning them as promising candidates for drug delivery, bioimaging, and nanotherapeutics. Our findings facilitate sustainable advancements in green nanomedicine by integrating waste management with biomedical technologies.