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<p>α-Amylase (α-AMY) is a key biomarker associated with the development and progression of dental caries due to its ability to bind its alpha portion to the <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>. Herein, we design a colorimetric sensor for monitoring salivary α-AMY levels by using graphitic carbon nitride-cadmium tungsten oxide (GCN-CdWO<sub>4</sub>) nanocomposite as a nanozyme probe and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as its substrate. The GCN-CdWO<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite is responsible for the catalytic conversion of TMB to oxidized TMB (oxi-TMB) without using exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). The optical response of GCN-CdWO<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite is quenched when coated with starch (ST), as the ST layer blocks TMB access to nanocomposite. However, upon α-AMY binding, the optical response is restored due to the hydrolysis of ST. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to characterize the synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (GCN), tungsten oxide (WO<sub>3</sub>) and GCN-CdWO<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite. The sensor fabrication process was examined using FESEM and optical microscopy. The designed sensor exhibited a broad linear range (0.18–24 U/mL) with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 U/mL under optimized conditions. It demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and improved reproducibility and stability over 4&#xa0;weeks. Practical validation was performed by monitoring α-AMY levels in spiked artificial saliva, yielding recovery (96 to 104%), and clinical samples of patients with mild to acute dental caries of different age groups, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world applications.</p>

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Highly Selective Optical Strip Nanosensor for Point-of-Care Detection of α-AMY Levels in Human Saliva: A Biomarker for Dental Caries in Clinical Chemistry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月22日

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  • Zill -E-Huma,
  • Zill-I.-Huma Nazli,
  • Muhammad Nasir,
  • Hira Asghar,
  • Farhat Jubeen,
  • Akhtar Hayat

摘要

α-Amylase (α-AMY) is a key biomarker associated with the development and progression of dental caries due to its ability to bind its alpha portion to the Streptococcus mutans. Herein, we design a colorimetric sensor for monitoring salivary α-AMY levels by using graphitic carbon nitride-cadmium tungsten oxide (GCN-CdWO4) nanocomposite as a nanozyme probe and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as its substrate. The GCN-CdWO4 nanocomposite is responsible for the catalytic conversion of TMB to oxidized TMB (oxi-TMB) without using exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The optical response of GCN-CdWO4 nanocomposite is quenched when coated with starch (ST), as the ST layer blocks TMB access to nanocomposite. However, upon α-AMY binding, the optical response is restored due to the hydrolysis of ST. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to characterize the synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (GCN), tungsten oxide (WO3) and GCN-CdWO4 nanocomposite. The sensor fabrication process was examined using FESEM and optical microscopy. The designed sensor exhibited a broad linear range (0.18–24 U/mL) with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 U/mL under optimized conditions. It demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and improved reproducibility and stability over 4 weeks. Practical validation was performed by monitoring α-AMY levels in spiked artificial saliva, yielding recovery (96 to 104%), and clinical samples of patients with mild to acute dental caries of different age groups, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world applications.