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<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, painful condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Current treatments have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Theaflavins (TFs), a bioactive compound, offer potential health benefits. However, due to their instability and low bioavailability, TFs were encapsulated into liposomes (TF-L-LP) and characterized using various techniques. The mean particle size of TF-L-LP was 193 ± 7.6&#xa0;nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.3 ± 0. Zeta potential was − 46 ± 3.6&#xa0;mV. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis revealed that the TF-L-LP had a spherical shape and smooth surface. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of TF-L-LP showed the presence of characteristic peaks of both liposomes and theaflavins. The encapsulation efficiency was 68%, and the in vitro release of TFs from TF-L-LP was 43%. An in vivo study demonstrated that 1,10-dioctadecyl-3,3,30,30-tetramethyl indotricarbocya nineiodide (DiR)-labeled TF-L-LP were distributed throughout the body and vital organs. Administration of TF-L-LP revealed no acute or subacute toxicity in rats. TF-L-LP significantly decreased paw swelling, reduced arthritic severity and organ weight, and ameliorated hematological parameters and behavior. Computed tomography (CT) scans showed reduced bone swelling in the Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis rat model. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression study indicated that TF-L-LP administration downregulated the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors in inflamed paw tissues. In conclusion, this study strongly suggests that TF-L-LP could be further explored as an effective treatment for RA.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Theaflavins-Loaded Liposome Ameliorates the Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Wistar Albino Rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月25日

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  • Payas Salim,
  • Abul Kalam Azad Mandal

摘要

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, painful condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Current treatments have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Theaflavins (TFs), a bioactive compound, offer potential health benefits. However, due to their instability and low bioavailability, TFs were encapsulated into liposomes (TF-L-LP) and characterized using various techniques. The mean particle size of TF-L-LP was 193 ± 7.6 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.3 ± 0. Zeta potential was − 46 ± 3.6 mV. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis revealed that the TF-L-LP had a spherical shape and smooth surface. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of TF-L-LP showed the presence of characteristic peaks of both liposomes and theaflavins. The encapsulation efficiency was 68%, and the in vitro release of TFs from TF-L-LP was 43%. An in vivo study demonstrated that 1,10-dioctadecyl-3,3,30,30-tetramethyl indotricarbocya nineiodide (DiR)-labeled TF-L-LP were distributed throughout the body and vital organs. Administration of TF-L-LP revealed no acute or subacute toxicity in rats. TF-L-LP significantly decreased paw swelling, reduced arthritic severity and organ weight, and ameliorated hematological parameters and behavior. Computed tomography (CT) scans showed reduced bone swelling in the Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis rat model. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression study indicated that TF-L-LP administration downregulated the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors in inflamed paw tissues. In conclusion, this study strongly suggests that TF-L-LP could be further explored as an effective treatment for RA.

Graphical Abstract